Explain the concept of time, value of money, and give some examples Research Paper

Explain the concept of time, value of money, and give some examples. Explain difference in ways to calculate FTEs and explain - Research Paper Example For instance, you can invest your dollar for one year at a 6% annual interest rate and accumulate $1.06 at the end of the year.   You can say that the  future value  of the dollar is $1.06 given a 6%  interest rate  and a one-year  period. It follows that the  present value  of the $1.06 you expect to receive in one year is only $1. A key concept of TVM is that a single sum of money or a series of equal, evenly-spaced payments or receipts guaranteed in the future can be converted to an equivalent value today.   Conversely, you can determine the value to which a single sum or a series of future payments will grow to at some future date. You can calculate the fifth value if you are given any four of: Interest Rate, Number of Periods, Payments, Present Value, and Future Value.   FTEs FTEs are basically the full time equivalents and help in analyzing the work done in hours according to the number of laborers employed. Efficiency indicators for benchmarking frequently require a benchmarking health unit to provide the number of FTEs involved in a particular activity. This is not a problem where programs are specialized, i.e. where full and part time staff is assigned to specific activities.

The Red Scare of 1919 Essay Example for Free

The Red Scare of 1919 Essay The Red Scare of 1919 was the first of two major periods in American History when fear of radicalism culminated in the persecution and deportation of Americans thought to be radicals (communists, anarchists, or socialists). An unprecedented event, the Red Scare of 1919 exhibits how popular suppression and fear of radicalism can have disastrous consequences. The causes of the Red Scare are numerous and varied, however, one of the most important factors that contributed to the scare was the acts passed during World War I. During the war, social-anarchists did not support American involvement, nor did they support the subsequent draft. In response to the dissent, Congress passed the Sedition Act (actually, amended the Espionage Act). It was important in relation to the Red Scare because it allowed for censoring of radical literature as well as regulation of the mail. It was directed against subversives and, therefore, cast a very broad net. Because of the Sedition act, many individuals were arrested for distributing media that criticized the American military (Eugene Debs, head of the Socialist Party, was one of them). It was in response to this act that Justices Oliver Wendell Holmes set forth the clear and present danger doctrine and marked the beginning of modern First Amendment jurisprudence. Therefore, the Sedition Act of 1918 was important in the imposition of censorship after World War I. Reds were seen as a danger to the American system of government, economic stability, and way of life. In this sense, the war produced an era of intolerance for subversives, and it was this attitude that provided a ripe setting for the Red Scare of 1919 to take place. The Sedition Act was the legal excuse people used to regulate, censor, prosecute, and deport Americans thought to be radicals. Intolerance during the war would cause Americans to fear immigrants and radicals afterward, and it would only take a little spark to cause full blown hysteria. The Bolshevik revolution in Russia only deepened Americans fears because they felt the same thing could happen on their soil. The labor unrest following the end of World War I would prove to be instrumental in igniting the fire that was the Red Scare of 1919. The years after the war were marked by economic turmoil and labor unrest. At first, laborers expected the good working conditions, a staple of the wartime economy, to continue after the war was over. The economy was in good shape because war time contracts had cased industry to boom. Labor was supported by the government during the war in order to keep production levels high. After the war ended, however, contracts were canceled, which caused rising unemployment, and managers stopped cooperating with labor. Also, the cost of living had risen 99% by 1919 because of inflation. Without government support, labor unions began to strike in order to recapture the gains they had made during the war. One such strike took place in Seattle and involved sixty thousand workers (Painter, 346). Soon, this strike and others were labeled as a communist effort to undermine the American economy. The cycle of hysteria had begun. Labor unions were seen as Bolshevik sponsored organizations, and union members were labeled as communists. America began to become afraid because they saw there way of life slipping away. This fear would soon turn into action. The fear of radicalism stemmed, as stated earlier, from the era of intolerance during World War I. Propaganda techniques that once united the American public against Germany and hyphenated Americans during the war were easily converted into an instrument to cast a negative light on Bolsheviks. After all, America was not happy with Russia leaving the war and instituting a form of economy that was directly opposite of capitalism. Bolsheviks, therefore, were seen as a threat to democracy. Likewise, the forming of the Communist International was seen as an attempt to spread communism throughout the world. People felt insecure after the war, and this feeling was only bolstered by the idea that communists were working to overthrow the American economy and government. When a series of mail bombs were discovered, one of which exploding at Attorney General Palmers home, they were labeled as a communist effort to undermine America. The Red Scare of 1919 had begun. Labor unions were hardest hit. However, anyone seen as radical was persecuted and labeled a red. Elected officials who were members of the socialist party  were dismissed from office. In fact, the New York State Assembly dismissed five elected socialists. However, the most vivid example of the extent of the scare is illustrated by the Palmer raids, in which six thousand people were arrested and five hundred were deported. There were very few Communists in the United States in 1919, yet Palmer viewed them as a huge threat. Encouraged by Congress, Palmer began a series of showy and well publicized raids against radicals and leftists. Striking without warning and without warrants, Palmers men smashed union offices and the headquarters of Communist and Socialist organizations. They concentrated, whenever possible, on aliens rather than citizens, because aliens had fewer rights. As quickly as it had began, the Red Scare of 1919 ended. Although the hysteria had subsided, consequences still arose. The scare, as well as the raids, was seen as unproductive. Of the numerous arrests made in association with the scare, only a small percent of the suspected communists were deported. Therefore, government persecution of subversives only stopped because it was not working as well as hoped, yet the fear and hatred of radicals was still looming in the distance. It would again resurface in the 1950s during the McCarthy era when another Red Scare, more organized and brutal, would take place. America had learned how to deal with reds, and these lessons would be effectively applied in the next crusade against communism in America. Finally, a more visible and immediate consequence of the Red Scare of 1919 was the mass fear of immigration that took place afterwards. The highly visual raids by Palmer had a deep effect on Americans because the raids exposed the enemy. Restrictions and quotas were placed on immigration, especially on those people coming from Eastern Europe. Fear of communists turned into hatred of immigrants, and American citizens would have a hard time excepting new arrivals. In many cases, immigrants were automatically labeled as subversives, anarchists, and communists. The association between immigrants and social upheaval would have a negative effect on American immigrants in the years to come, a fact most vividly portrayed through the trial of Sacco and Venzetti. Also, for many years to come, unions were seen in a negative light. The association of communism with unions would continue  to be a hindrance for labor and the advancement of labor reforms.

Rumination Disorder: Causes, Epidemiology and Treatment

Rumination Disorder: Causes, Epidemiology and Treatment Rumination disorder is an eating disorder whereby an infant or toddler brings back up and re-chews food that was already swallowed and digested. This is known as regurgitation. In most cases, the re-chewed food is then swallowed again; but occasionally, the child will spit it out. For this to be considered a disorder, the behaviour must have occurred to a child who had been eating normally previously, and it must occur frequently for atleast a month. The behaviour may occur during feeding or right after eating. What Are the Symptoms of Rumination Disorder in Babies and Kids? Symptoms of rumination disorder in infants and toddlers may include (1) repeated regurgitation of food (2) repeated re-chewing of food (3) weight loss (4) repeated stomach aches (5) raw and chapped lips. Infants, in addition, may make unusual movements such as straining and arching the back, holding the head back, tightening abdominal muscles and making sucking movements with the mouth. These movements could suggest that the infant is trying to bring back up the partially digested food. What Causes Rumination Disorder? The exact cause of rumination disorder is unknown although there several speculation. According to () some factors that may contribute to this disorder are those that are physical. Physical illness or stress may trigger the behaviour. It may be a way for the child to get attention; it has been found that neglect from the primary care giver may cause the child to engage in self comfort.It has been found that rumination may occur in a state of self relaxation , self absorption and self pleasure. It appears to have a self soothing or self stimulating function. The infant gets some satisfaction from this. For the first four to six months of an infants life, breast milk or an alternative formula is a baby’s source of energy and nutrients (Santrock, 2011). it has been found that breast fed infants have lower respitory tract infections, they are less likely to develop otitis media (a middle ear infection) and breast fed infants have fewer gastrointestinal infections (Santrock, 2011). According to (Chial, Camilleri, Williams, Litzinger, Perrault, 2003) rumination is a functional gastrointestinal infection. This suggests that there is a possibility that children who develop this disorder may have had a lack of breast feeding as an infant which further elaborates that neglect from the primary caregiver is vital. Rumination is common in disorders such as bulimia nervosa. It is a learned disorder and comes from a manifestation of rejection. http://www.webmd.com/children/guide/eating-disorders-in-children-rumination-disorder?page=3 Epidemiology It is difficult to know exactly how many people are affected by this disorder mainly because most cases are not reported. Children tend to outgrow it and as they grow into the adolescent stages and adulthood, they become embarrassed by it and it often happens in secret. Rumination disorder is generally uncommon. Rumination disorder occurs often in infants between the ages of three and twelve months as well as in children with cognitive impairments. It may occur slightly more often in boys than in girls, but few studies of the disorder exist to confirm this. (webmd) For the purpose of this paper, the South African context will be put into consideration. It is important to remember that reality is socially constructed. South Africa is a diversified country with many cultures. Amongst many of the African cultures, western culture is often overlooked and shunned upon. It is difficult to change the minds of others and it would be unethical for an â€Å"outsider† to come and talk against their belief systems. When there is behaviour that is unusual, it is common for the average traditional African woman or man to put their trust in the customary traditional healer. People tend to keep their parental and ancestral roots, this is quite common more often in the homelands where majority of the financially deprived stay; even though sometimes it happens that those who move to the city to look for jobs may adopt new ways of thinking but still truly remaining to their roots. Because of these strong traditional beliefs, primary caregivers may opt for traditional healers than westernised medical attention. It is also much easier to go to a traditional healer than it is finding a good clinic or good health care facility. The social and economic pressures make it hard for children to get the right kind of medical attention. It is common for these primary caregivers to believe it is witch craft, it is something they learn. When something cannot be explained, it is easier to put blame in witchcraft. —often with grandparents staying in rural areas and the younger people moving to the cities in search of employment, better education, and health care. The effects of disrupted bonds are manifold. In our field, the geographical separation between young mothers and the maternal grandmothers has particularly far reaching consequences. We have called our Service theMdlezana Centre. This is a Xhosa word depicting the early bond between mother and child, when they are still one unit—equivalent to the Winnicottian term of the state of primary maternal preoccupation. Infant Mental Health was a new concept in 1995, but it took root in the city of Cape Town immediately. There are no problems in obtaining referrals to the Rondebosch pillar —in fact, at times we are inundated, and can barely cope with the workload. In Khayelitsha, the situation is different and the population was initially hard to reach. There are various reasons for this: In a community where unemployment is unimaginably high, where families are disrupted, where there is often no food, the emotional life of the infant is not a priority. Mothers, who are the main caregivers (I have only seen fathers on two occasions in the past five years) are often depressed and suffer in silence. They have a helplessness that is real and in a way adaptive in the sense that the great majority of women have no choice, but to cope and make do with what they have. They bear their fate stoically and will not spontaneously open up. Then there are cultural factors in that one does not easily share with strangers one’s intimate family problems. There is a sense of privacy and possibly shame and thus problems are often borne silently. A visit to a Traditional Healer is for many a more familiar option. I shall return to this point shortly. The infants themselves are mostly not a problem— they are generally quiet and seemingly content—this is an observation that all western visitors who come with me to the clinic make. The wait is often long, but the noise level low and there is immense patience, even in the babies and toddlers. It is only the physically obvious, such as delayed milestones, that will readily be seen as a reason for a consultation. On a diagnostic level the infants fall into three broad categories: developmental delay, failure to thrive, and increasingly, depression. When a condition sets in after birth, then the presence of evil spirits or bewitchment is  very much in the foreground. For whatever individual reason, the protection of the  ancestors has been withdrawn and the child has become exposed to forces of evil, the  impundulu. The muthiis said to drive out the evil  spirit or to strengthen and protect the child against it. Mostly these interventions are  harmless from a medical perspective —however, there are some mixtures which, when  ingested, can cause gastrointestinal symptoms. Operations and anesthetics are at times viewed with great fear. This may have to do  with a giving up of the child to be put to sleep —which, in effect, could mean a kind  of death. The father of one ill infant whom we saw and who required surgery spoke  about â€Å"sacrificing† his child. The healer who was involved in this case also said to the  parents that surgery would interfere with the workings of themuthihe was using. The  end result was that the child did not receive the operation in time and died. A working alliance with traditional healers is being established with the recent founding  of the Traditional Healers’ Association. It is hoped that with collaborating with the traditional  healers in diagnosis and treatment gaps can be bridged and unnecessary suffering be prevented. I will end this section by giving a brief case illustration. How Is Rumination Disorder Diagnosed in Infants and Children? The diagnosis of rumination syndrome is based upon the characteristic symptoms and the absence of signs of disease. Although diagnostic criteria (symptombased, Rome II) for childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders have been developed, such criteria for children and adolescents with rumination syndrome have not been defined. The lack of formal criteria for diagnosing rumination syndrome in children and adolescents likely contributes to the lack of awareness of the condition and to the difficulty in making the diagnosis. We anticipate that such criteria will be developed in the future. How Is Rumination Disorder Treated in Children? Rumination disorder is a voluntary, learned behaviour which patients are frequently unaware. As infants grow older, clinical features of regurgitation are similar to those of bulimia nervosa. Before one can be diagnosed it has been found that individuals with this disorder undergo several medical interventions and experience prolonged symptoms before a diagnosis is made. (Chial, La Crosse, Camilleri, Bean, 2009) One important aspect in the history is the timing of the regurgitation. Diaphragmatic breathing has been shown to be clinically beneficial in rumination syndrome; although this type of treatment can only take place starting from ages where toddlers can understand. According to (Chiktara, van Tilburg, Whitehead, Tall, 2006) this method is useful to treat children as young as six years of age. Patients should be encouraged to practice diaphragmatic breathing midway through the meal or after meals for three different 5 min periods of inactivity with 10 min in between periods. They should also repeat this plan after each episode of regurgitation. The goal is for diaphragmatic breathing to occur unconsciously during events that may incur regurgitation. Treatment of rumination disorder mainly focuses on changing the childs behaviour. Several approaches may be used, including:Continue reading below Changing the childs posture during and right after eating Encouraging more interaction between mother and child during feeding; giving the child more attention Reducing distractions during feeding Making feeding a more relaxing and pleasurable experience Distracting the child when he or she begins the rumination behavior Aversive conditioning, which involves placing something sour or bad-tasting on the childs tongue when he or she begins to vomit Psychotherapy for the mother and/or family may be helpful to improve communication and address any negative feelings toward the child due to the behavior. There are no medications used to treat rumination disorder. What Complications Are Associated With Rumination Disorder? Among the many potential complications associated with untreated rumination disorder in infants and children are: Malnutrition Lowered resistance to infections and diseases Failure to grow and thrive Weight loss Stomach diseases such as ulcers Dehydration Bad breath and tooth decay Aspiration pneumonia and other respiratory problems (from vomit that is breathed into the lungs) Choking Death What Is the Outlook for Children With Rumination Disorder? In most cases, infants and young children with rumination disorder will outgrow the behavior and return to eating normally. For older children, this disorder can continue for months. Can Rumination Disorder Be Prevented in Infants and Children? There is no known way to prevent rumination disorder in infants and children. However, careful attention to a childs eating habits may help catch the disorder before serious complications can occur. (culture and psychiatry journal) The culture of the patient In addition to individual factors—such as level of education, medical knowledge, and personal life experiences—culture will contribute to the patient’s understanding of illness, perception and presentation of symptoms and problems, and reaction and adjustment to illness. The patient’s expectations of the physician, motivation for treatment, and compliance with treatment recommendations are also influenced by culture.

Contrasting Silkos Yellow Woman and Chopins Story of an Hour :: comparison compare contrast essays

Contrasting Silko's Yellow Woman and Chopin's Story of an Hour On the surface, the protagonists of Silko's "Yellow Woman" and Chopin's "Story of an Hour" seem to have little in common. Yet upon closer inspection, both stories relate tales of women who are repressed by the social tenets that define their roles as wives. From the viewpoint of Western society, the narrator of "Yellow Woman" might be considered immoral for her willing sexual encounter with a stranger. However, the stories related by her grandfather of the Yellow Woman demonstrate within her culture a more accepting attitude of her brief interlude: "Yellow Woman went away with the spirit from the north and lived with him and his relatives. She was gone a long time, but then one day she came back and brought twin boys."(188) Her grandfather certainly liked telling the stories and seems to have admired the Yellow Woman on some level. Other societies do not share the Western idea of moral sexual behavior. The Egyptian ruling class, for example, sometimes married brother to sister, and other cultures have incorporated fertility rites into their belief systems. Even within our own society, marriages to cousins, which are considered wrong today, were not uncommon in past centuries. Given that her attitude regarding sex and marriage might diff er from the Western norm, the central conflict of the story seems to be the narrator's desire for freedom to choose her own destiny versus her more Westernized view of her role as wife and mother, a role that is traditionally subservient to the husband in Western society. There is the sense that she finds her daily life dull, though perhaps not unhappy, and when a chance encounter turned sexual, she again takes on a subservient role to a male. Her inability to make sense of her conflicting feelings causes her to appear weak and lacking in character and portrays her in a negative light. By contrast, Louise Mallard, the protagonist in Chopin's "Story of an Hour", is a moral woman and loving wife, at least by Western standards. Her life is defined by the accepted social ideal of a husband's will as final. She is so inured to this concept that only upon hearing the news of his death does her true feeling of something "too subtle and elusive to name" (199) come forth. What she acknowledges to herself is that her marriage is not happy for her and she often resents her subservient role and "a kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime".

Aquarius Case Analysis Essay

1) Analyze Aquarius in terms of the five contextual variables: * Goals: Aquarius has realized a huge problem in regards to the rapid turnover of their major accounts. An agency reorganization would be a realistic goal in changing their competitive techniques. This reorganization might be able to set them apart from the other agencies by reducing their response time and increasing the communication between the different departments to boost efficiency. * Culture: In my opinion I believe that Aquarius has a very low and undefined organizational culture. It seems like the employees are all looking out for themselves and trying to get ahead of everyone else. These values although unwritten provide the glue to having everyone on the same page and are absolutely essential in providing clients with top of the line work. * Size: Since Aquarius is a mid-sized firm with various specialists on the professional staff of the operations and marketing divisions I would say they have anywhere from 1 000-1500 employees. With this many employees it is critical to have effective communication between the different departments. This would in turn increase flexibility in this unpredictable environment. * Environment: Changes in the environment is the main reason why the agency is considering the need for reorganization. It is typical for advertising agencies to gain/lose clients quickly, this is why is it so essential to have everyone in the organization effectively communicating with each other in order to satisfy their clients and reduce turnover. * Technology: Aquarius has a number of different specialists on their team that work together in assisting their clients, but there is always room for improvement in regards to better communication. It would seem to me that Aquarius would have a number of different programs and internet sites to assist them achieving their services. 2) A new organizational structure that takes into consideration the contextual variables in the case and the information flows is the divisional structure. This structure is suited to fast change in an unstable environment and provides high product or service visibility. A major problem that occurs in Aquarius is that each client account is coordinated by an account executive who acts as a liaison between the client and various specialists. Unfortunately this isn’t followed because sometimes the account executives don’t even know what is going on until a week later. The divisional structure leads to customer satisfaction because product responsibility and contact points are clear. This in turn involves high coordination across functions which will make everyone check with the executive first to get approval before contacting the client. Coordination across functions will allow their services to adapt to the requirements of the individual clients and perform beyond their expectations. This structure would allow Aquarius to achieve their goals while increasing their organizational culture as a whole and being able to adapt more quickly to this unstable environment. 3) Would a matrix structure be feasible for Aquarius? I my opinion I believe that a balanced matrix structure would be hard to implement and maintain. This is due to the fact that account executives as one side of the authority structure would often dominate over the specialists. In order for the account executive to do their job correctly they need everyone on their side and in coordination to run important information by them first. Perhaps a better alternative would be a product matrix where the executives have primary authority and the specialists assign technical personal to the projects and provide advisory expertise as needed. With dual authority I feel that it would be frustrating and confusing for everyone, there needs to be a clear contact points. There would always be a need for frequent meetings to resolve any conflicts between the different authorities, it would simply just require to great of an effort to maintain the power balance.

Elderly need care, not neglect and indifference Essay

PHYSICALLY, the elderly are not longer as able and agile as the young. To most old people, walking can be an ordeal – and crossing the road is even more difficult without help. While it is already hard for most of the aged to get to the other side of a busy road that has no pedestrian crossing, what is even sadder is that motorists seldom stop for them. Old people whose sense of judgement is impaired through ageing, are frequently run over on the road. They can no longer handle heavy traffic, and left to their own devices, are likely come to grief. As one observer notes, it seems modern society is built by the young for the young – a dynamic creation that does not give much consideration to the old, sick, handicapped or disabled. The infirm and frail elderly are usually tolerated as a liability or nuisance, and with self-esteem ripped away from them, they suffer in silence as they go through what is left of their twilight years. This busy world is certainly not looking too kindly on old folks. Crossing the road is just one problem the elderly encounter, another is getting onto a bus. The old timer is usually the last to get on. And even if he manages, he very likely will have to stand. Rarely does anyone care give up his or her seat for an old man or woman. In the old days, the family unit was strong. Today, it is breaking up as young men and women travel widely in search of greener pastures. Normally, what this entails is neglect – with the elderly being left to fend for themselves, most times under very difficult circumstances. The more fortunate ageing parents may have a child or two staying with them while the less lucky ones may have to live out their lives in an old folks’Â  home – or in their empty house after all the children have flown the roost and may only return to visit once in a blue moon. Such a situation poses a very real problem for society and it is what the old dread most – being unwanted and uncared for while on borrowed time. There are other problems old folks face but none can be as painfully heart-breaking as the indifference and neglect shown them by their own flesh and blood. Most senior citizens end up in welfare homes because they are abandoned by their families – frequently at public hospitals which, in turn, have little choice but to turn them over to shelters run by the government or NGOs. In most cases, family members refuse to take their elderly parents back. Invariably, these public hospitals have to hand the abandoned old folks to NGOs. Even so, shelters, run by benevolent societies, are mostly full these days. According to the Social Welfare Department, between 2008 and 2011, the number of old folks, abandoned by their families, has steadily gone up one per cent each year. Welfare homes caring for the 60 and above, admitted 340 senior citizens last year compared to 248 in 2010. Stats from the National Population and Family Development Board, an agency under the Women, Family and Community Development Ministry, showed that as at 2004 when the Fourth Malaysian Population and Family Survey was undertaken, over half a million elderly parents were not given financial support by their children. It is, of course, unfair and incorrect to say all young people desert their parents in their old age. What is obviously a disturbing trend though is that a lot of sons and daughters are leaving their ageing parents to die at old folks’ homes. Why? In trying to look for an answer, sociologists argue it is important for society to understand the needs of young people with changing times. These experts explain that young couples nowadays need to work to support themselves and their own growing families. As such, most not only send their old parents to welfare homes but their own children to nurseries or playschools as well just to keep up with the rat race. While it’s reasonable for young families to want their own space and privacy, there are some who simply do not want to look after the elderly due to what is generally referred to as the generation gap manifesting itself in the lack of understanding and tolerance for the changes in their parents’ behaviour which could be caused by insecurity and mental illnesses. Whatever the reasons that may have caused the young to shirk their responsibility of caring for their elderly parents, they, nonetheless, still have the moral responsibility to support and cherish them. After all, the young will themselves become parents and grow old one day – and quite naturally, also expect their own brood to look after them in the final phase of life. Needless to say, it’s important to inculcate filial piety in children at a young age. Wholesome family values such as caring for the elderly spontaneously out of love should be continuously fostered to create a truly caring Malaysian society.

Essay on The meaning of marriage in the modern American society

Essay on The meaning of marriage in the modern American society Essay on The meaning of marriage in the modern American society Essay on The meaning of marriage in the modern American societyThe modern society is changing and transforming. One aspect of such change is the transformation of the meaning and the role of marriage in American culture. The considered argument written by Ryan Anderson is named In defense of traditional marriage. In this essay, the author focuses on the issue of redefinition of the role of marriage in the modern society and the shift of the focus of marriage as a union of a man and a woman aimed at rearing children to the understanding of marriage as an emotional union of people. The purpose of this paper is to perform a critical analysis of Andersons arguments and to consider counter-arguments. The key thesis of this paper is the following: the concept of marriage in the American society is evolving, and it will be fair to legalize same-sex marriages to account for these changes and to improve the well-being of the members of nontraditional unions.The main argument of Anderson (2013 ) is the following: the notion of marriage should be rightly understood by the American legal system and the importance of family as a procreative union should be recognized. The premises of Andersons argument include historical role and meaning of family. Anderson (2013) also mentions that the concept of marriage related to the union of a man and a woman even in those societies where same-sex relationships were perceived as normal, acceptable and were not stigmatized. The author points out that such historical facts illustrate the perception of family as a procreative union of a man and a woman in the history of the mankind. The author further concludes that the current legal definition of marriage correctly reflects the meaning of family and the government rightly recognizes, protects and promotes marriage between a man and a woman as the ideal institution for procreative love, childbearing and childrearing (Anderson, 2013).The considered argument primarily relies on inductive rea soning as the author uses separate historical facts and definitions to make conclusions on the role of marriage in the society in general. On one hand, the author rightfully uses inductive arguments since he is willing to arrive to a more holistic and integral understanding of marriage. However, his reasoning is weak because he only cites examples that support his argument and ignores historical examples of marriage perception which are against his argument. For example, there existed marriage rituals and practices of same-sex relationships in Mesopotamia; however, the author either does not consider this counter-example or omits mentioning such historical examples which might weaken his argument. In any case, such omissions weaken his argument and make it very questionable.The author also uses some deductive steps in his reasoning: for example, he argues that marriage has public purposes that transcend its private purposes (Anderson, 2013) and further uses this statement to itemize the most common public purposes such as child-rearing. Furthermore, he also uses reasoning which resembles deductive when arguing that one need not appeal to distinctively religious arguments to explain why marriage is a natural union of a man and a woman: Anderson (2013) uses this statement to conclude that many nonreligious thinkers in different cultures supported such view on marriage. However, Andersons deductive reasoning is in fact unjustified because his abstract statements are not linked to the following specific statements using logic; instead, Anderson uses various examples to make his abstract arguments seem stronger, therefore applying hidden inductive reasoning (which is also not justified by evidence in this case). Overall, Andersons argument has a lot of weak points and questionable statements, and therefore cannot be accepted as valid.Furthermore, it is possible to construct a counterargument to Andersons argument basing on peer-reviewed research and analysis of the institution of marriage and the role of marriage in the modern American society. First of all, as the society is changing and evolving, the functions of different social institutions and the meaning of these social institutions change. The role and functions of family in the society are changing as well. According to Cherlin (2004), the concept of marriage experienced significant changes during several recent decades.Cherlin (2004) explores two transitions of the role and meaning of marriage that took place in American society during the 20th century; the first transition was from institutional to companionate marriage, and the second transition was from compassionate to individualized marriage with greater emphasis on self-development and personal choice. At the same time, Cherlin (2004) finds that symbolic meaning of marriage has increased, while its practical and procreative meaning has somewhat declined. In the context of the evolving notion of marriage, same-sex families shoul d be recognized as legal and equal to the traditional families because these unions equally represent the choice of the partners and activate their self-development. In the modern understanding of marriage, there are no factors requiring the presence of strictly a man and a woman in the family union, and therefore the legalization of same-sex marriages is the rightful legal response to the social change.One of key Andersons premises refers to the idea that the major meaning of family recognized by the state is responsible procreation. This is true, and the presence of various social programs and family/child assistance options offered by the state illustrates the truthfulness of this premise. However, Anderson (2013) further assumes that procreative role of family is only possible for families including a man and a woman. He does not present any relevant evidence for such conclusion and merely links this idea to the biological conditions of procreation. At the same time, modern achi evements of medically assisted reproduction create opportunities for same-sex partners or other non-typical unions to gain procreative meaning as well. Due to these changes, it is not reasonable to limit the vision of family as procreative union to the union of a man and a woman only.One more premise that Anderson uses is that a family consisting of a man and a woman is the best place to rear children and is optimal for their development from biological and social points of view. Andersons arguments are refuted by many researchers; for example, the study of Joslin (2013) shows that two largest state social benefits programs – benefits for the members of the U.S. military and Social Security benefits – do not link family benefits to biological relationships. Instead, these programs extend the benefits to the families in which children might be biologically unrelated to one or both parents or carers (Joslin, 2013). Furthermore, the research of Pennings (2011) shows that the welfare of children in same-sex families is not affected by the biological fact of having two parents of the same gender; instead, the well-being of such children is largely affected by the presence of social discrimination, stigmatization and by the lack of recognition of same-sex families as families in the society. Hence, legal recognition of same-sex unions as families will improve the well-being of children in these families.Overall, the arguments in defense of the traditional perception of marriage presented by Anderson are weak and can be refuted using relevant research evidence. It is essential to recognize that marriage and family as social institutions experience transformations and certain deinstitutionalization nowadays. It is also important to recognize these changes at the federal level and to create the appropriate legislation. Furthermore, as it is shown by Pennings (2011), both adult members of nontraditional family unions and children reared in such families wi ll benefit from such recognition due to the reduction of discrimination and social stigmatization.

Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay Essays

Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay Essays Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay Paper Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay Paper In the human services field. personal ethical belief systems combined with professional moralss work in partnership to steer human service professionals in unknoting ethical quandary. An increasing figure of professionals and clients seek out to specify the cardinal policies of the human services field. Humans develop an integrating of values. criterions. and beliefs from birth throughout life. The values. criterions. and beliefs developed through life aid in qualifying personal ethical belief systems. Our personal ethical belief system unites with our professional moralss to determine the ethical decision-making procedure. A codification of moralss is indispensable to organisations in the human services field. A codification of moralss identifies adequate behaviour. endorses high criterions of pattern. supplies a criterion to utilize for self appraisal. and establishes a construction for professional behaviours and duties. Human service professionals promote the unity and moralss of the profession. As a consequence. it is important for a human service professional to remain educated and knowing of the theoretical footing of their ethical belief system. other theoretical moralss. ethical and legal issues. and the ethical rules of their organisation. Every individual possesses a nucleus system of values. My personal ethical belief system is derived from my nucleus system of values. the people who helped determine those values. and the decision-making factors I use today to better them as necessary. My parents. pedagogues. Sunday school teachers. sermonizers. decision makers. God. leaders. and many others in the community aid determine my values and supply the footing for my ethical belief system. I articulate values in my associations with other people when I am loyal. dependable. honest. generous. swearing. trustworthy. experience a sense of answerability for my household. friends. coworkers. community. state. and the organisation where I volunteer. My parents taught me to be a Christian individual and to make what is morally right in the eyes of God. I met troubled times throughout my life. but I believe because of my strong morally sound background I could take those experiences and learn from them. My parents remain astonishing function theoretical accounts in my life. I attend church and congratulations God every hebdomad as a reminder of why I keep my moral values and belief system close and beloved to me. I choose to go on my instruction on many facets in my life to help in regulating decision-making factors. As a proud citizen of America. I realize the disagreement associating to Torahs and moralss. A jurisprudence is a edict or authorities regulation prepared to penalize those whom disobey. Torahs are consistent. universal. published. accepted. and enforced. Ethical motives is a sense of what is right and incorrect morally. However. there is a difference between moralss and morality. Harmonizing to Anstead. S. M. ( 1999 ) . â€Å"Morality refers both to the criterions of behaviour by which persons are judged. and to the criterions of behaviour by which people in general are judged in their relationships with others. Ethical motives. on the other manus. encompasses the system of beliefs that supports a peculiar position of morality. † The jurisprudence frequently integrates ethical criterions to which society subscribes. Most ethical determinations come with extended punishments. legion options. varied consequences. unsure and personal effects. My belief system is derived from my assurance that there is more to reality than what we see. I have faith in a religious side of world beyond what we can see or see. The footing of my ethical belief system comes from my values and those whom attributed to those values including my life as a truster in God and as a Christian. My metaphysiological position of theism supports my positions of ethical tyranny. I found this quotation mark interesting and supportive of my ethical belief system. Harmonizing to Worldview Dictionary ( 2011 ) . â€Å"Ethical tyranny is the belief that right and incorrect are unchanging. non determined by the person or the civilization ; revealed by God through both general and specific disclosure. † Ethical tyranny follows one cosmopolitan moral criterion. God is infinite. everlasting. and never-changing. God set the Torahs of the land therefore I must stay by what is determined by God as right and incorrect. God has revealed this truth through his creative activity and disclosure. God is absolute. God created all people as peers. As a truster in God. I serve him through service to others and my community. I take on duties of assisting others in my community. volunteering. and donating goods. At all times I abide by these rules: worship merely God. regard people. be low. be honest. populate a moral life. be generous with clip. pattern my positions. make non knock. justice. or condemn. make non keep a score. and forgive others. I believe it is right to defy enticement while cognizing that evil lurks around. I believe one-day God will return and seek judgement for his people. To populate morally and ethically divine is obligatory to hold ageless life. As a individual and professional. I understand and acknowledge that non all human existences embrace the same positions as me and I respect the positions of others. In the human service profession. my personal ethical belief system helps steer the work I do as a voluntary at Wise Choices Pregnancy Resource Center ( WCPRC ) . At WCPRC the mission is to assist adult females do life confirming picks. The services offered are free gestation proving. free limited echogram. acceptance referrals. abortion instruction. abortion recovery plans. and earn while you learn plan for babe demands. I chose this organisation specifically because it supports my beliefs on pro-life. Pro-life supports my beliefs as a Christian. I advocate supplying adult females with instruction and options to abortion. Harmonizing to Wise Choices Pregnancy Resource Center ( 2012 ) . â€Å"Through the old ages. Wise Choices. has been able to supply assorted sorts of aid and â€Å"counseling† to the adult females of Wise County and the environing countries. We non merely assist the client. but household or friends of the client. in respects to the state of affairs the client is confronting. We believe we can do a difference in the lives of adult females. one at a clip! As a Christian adult female. I think that it is of import to assist clients who are abortion minded or abortion vulnerable see the chances they have to salvage the life they have created. As an advocator. I ask the client if she would wish the chance to hear the Gospel. If she accepts I can portion the love God has for his kids including the client and her unborn kid. I besides have the singular opportunity to inquire the client if she wants to accept Jesus as her Jesus from wickednesss. I explain to my clients willing to accept and hear the Gospel that they may inquire God to forgive them for their wickednesss. It is besides an juncture to speak to my clients about abstention until matrimony. Each of the values listed above ushers me to be an advocator for the unborn kid who is defenseless in his or her right to life. Often I am met with challenges. such as a adult female who is pregnant from colza or incest. It is frequently difficult to explicate to a adult female with traumatic experiences that it is still of import to give birth to their kid even in palliating fortunes. Some of the hardest instances come from a adult female who is abortion minded or vulnerable and has no involvement in hearing the Gospel. I go place and pray for the client. her household. and the unborn kid. As a member of the National Organization for Human Services ( NOHS ) . the Code of Ethics is an of import counsel tool in ethical quandary. The Code of Ethics is a fit criterion of behavior for human service professionals to see in the ethical decision-making procedure. Harmonizing to the National Organization for Human Services ( 2009 ) . â€Å"Human service professionals respect the unity and public assistance of the client at all times. Each client is treated with regard. credence and self-respect. Statement two is an ethical rule non hard to adhere. As a human service professional the unity and public assistance of the client is my responsibility to recommend. I make a committedness to my client when I become his or her advocator. and that committedness involves seeking the best result for the public assistance of my client. As a Christian I see wholly people as equal. and I treat others with regard and self- respect at all times. It is of import to retrieve that it could be me in the same state of affairs. The NOHS Code of Ethics lists ethical rules that will non be difficult to adhere. However. I found a 1 that might turn out to be somewhat hard. Harmonizing to the National Organization for Human Services ( 2009 ) . â€Å"Human service pedagogues uphold the rule of broad instruction and encompass the kernel of academic freedom. abstaining from bring downing their ain personal views/morals on pupils. and leting pupils the freedom to show their positions without punishment. animadversion or ridicule. and to prosecute in critical thought. † The part of this statement that might be hard adhering to is bring downing my ain personal values if I were a human service pedagogue. I know that I could forbear from bring downing my ain personal values. but I find it would be hard. As a Christian. I think it is of import to portion the Gospel and what it means to me. For illustration in an moralss category pupils reflect upon their ethical belief systems and where they originated from. I think if I were the pedagogue it would be difficult to forbear myself from talking my ain worldviews and ethical motives to other pupils. However. as a professional it is of import to follow the ethical criterions set for the organisation in which I am an employee. and the NOHS Code of Ethics. A Code of Ethics is steering rules that apply to different facets of life. Ethical criterions pertain excessively many of the undermentioned general subjects: the usage of psychological trials in the courtroom. the lie sensor. boundaries of competency. unity. sexual torment. human differences. and the legal definition of insanity. * The Use of Psychological Trials in the Courtroom- The usage of psychological trials in the courtroom to back up the testimony of experts scopes from applaudable to debatable. There is a necessity for a sensible pattern of revelation of psychological trial information during tests and courtroom processs. afterwards the stuff may be sealed. Psychological trials in the courtroom should adhere to ethical criterions by stating the truth and non stating truth deliberately inaccurate. In Statement 28 of the NOHS Code of Ethics. human service professional’s duty to the profession is to move with unity and honestness. My ethical belief system incorporates honesty and unity at all times. The Lie Detector – After researching ethical criterions of the prevarication sensor. I found a Code of Ethical motives from the American Polygraph Association. The ethical criterions stated included: rights of testees. criterions for rendering polygraph determinations. post-examination presentment consequences. limitations on rendering sentiments. limitations on scrutinies. fees. criterions of coverage. advertizements. release of nonrelevant information. limitations on scrutiny issues. and APA oversight authorization. Lie sensors set up the difference between a prevarication and the truth ; if a individual has nil to conceal a lie sensor should be no job. Lie sensor usage brought justness to households over the old ages. and continues to make so with regard to the rights of all individuals who take the prevarication sensor trial. As portion of my personal moralss it is indispensable in the justness system. In Statement 35 of the NOHS Code of Ethics. answerability is maintained by the human service professional. * Boundaries of Competence – Human service professionals are merely to carry on research. Teach. and supply services merely within their boundaries of competency. based on personal experience. instruction. supervised experience. and survey. Reasonable stairss should be taken to guarantee competency in countries emerging and preparation does non yet exist. My personal moralss system is of import to pattern my positions. This relates to boundaries of competency I would non pattern something I did non believe to be true. In Statement 40 of the NOHS Code of Ethics human service pedagogues demonstrate high criterions of scholarships and remain current with developments in human services. * Integrity – Accuracy. honestness. and truthfulness is a function all human service professionals abide by. Integrity is something I incorporate in my personal ethical beliefs and value system. Ethically it is incorrect to steal. darnel. prevarication. fraud. or belie a client or a friend. Harmonizing to American Psychological Association ( 2012 ) . â€Å"In state of affairss in which misrepresentation may be ethically justifiable to maximise benefits and minimise injury. psychologists have a serious duty to see the demand for. the possible effects of. and their duty to rectify any resulting misgiving or other harmful effects that arise from the usage of such techniques. My belief in God’s written words of the Bible helps determine my ethical position on unity. Statement five of NOHS Code of Ethics protects the unity of client records. * Sexual Harassment – Sexual torment is solicitation. verbal or gestural sexual behaviour. and sexual progresss. All people have a right to gain a life free from relentless and permeant Acts of the Apostless of sexual torment. It is non right to endanger an employee’s dignity. regard. and possible promotion in the workplace. As a professional. behavior should compare to higher criterions of unity and safety in the workplace. Statement 24 of NOHS Code of Ethics provinces that human service professionals should describe unethical behaviour of co-workers. My personal ethical beliefs in this state of affairs associate back to my Christianity and the Torahs of the land that an act of sexual torment is non moving suitably in the eyes of God. * Human Differences – Human service professionals create public trust through ethical and moral Acts of the Apostless. Human diverseness is one of those Acts of the Apostless. It is imperative to be culturally sensitive to all persons at all times. I promise to function all people with the purpose to protect their public assistance without judgement of any sort. In my ethical beliefs God is the justice. and he will return to make that one twenty-four hours. Statement two of the Code of Ethics for NOHS says human service professionals treat clients with regard and esteem their public assistance. and Statement 20 refers to diverse backgrounds. * The Legal Definition of Insanity – In my ethical belief system a individual who commits an act out of insanity is still responsible for what he or she has done. It is one’s responsibility to make what is morally right. Questions of right and incorrect are overriding. and hence as I believe absolute. Statement 37 of the NOHS Code of Ethics addresses the demand for womb-to-tomb acquisition. and I relate that to this instance as a duty the human service professional has to its client. as the individual who commits a offense out of insanity has a duty to pay the effects. As a member of Team C throughout this class associating to moralss and jurisprudence in the human services profession we did a squad presentation on deontology theory. as presented earlier in the paper. Harmonizing to Alexander and Moore ( 2008 ) . â€Å"The word deontology derives from the Grecian words for responsibility ( deon ) and scientific discipline ( or survey ) of ( Son ) . This normative theory dressed ores on what she should make from a moral point of view. Deontology is a theory that helps to steer and entree our picks in what we ought to make. † Deontology theory assumes at least three of import characteristics. The first characteristic concludes that responsibility should be done for duty’s interest. An illustration. Acts of the Apostless of promise breakage. lying. or slaying are incorrect per se. and it is the responsibility of worlds non to make these things. Second. worlds ought to be treated as topics of intrinsic moral value ; intending an terminals in themselves and neer as a mere means to another terminal. The 3rd characteristic is a moral rule is a definite indispensable that is universalizable ; intending it must be applicable for everyone whom is in the same moral state of affairs. The theoretical footing of my personal ethical belief system falls under the deontology theory. Deontological theory claims the moral rightness or inappropriateness of an action does non depend upon the nature of its effects. but on its intrinsic qualities. Deontology theory was founded by Immanuel Kant. Kant was motivated by the deficiency of a function for responsibility in Utilitarianism. something he believed to be the foundation of all morality. Deontology supports moral tyranny. Actions are either moral or immoral regardless of the beliefs of an person. society. or civilization. Ethical motives of the existence are intrinsic in the Torahs of the existence and the nature of humanity. Therefore. the theoretical footing of my personal belief system as a Christian is supported by deontology theory. My belief in God supports ethical tyranny. deontology. and my personal ethical belief system.

Sex and Violence in Popular Culture Research Paper - 1

Sex and Violence in Popular Culture - Research Paper Example Sex is usually equaled to gender as they are interchangeably used in everyday conversations. In reality, sex and gender are different. The former relates to physiological characteristic as the latter is a social concept. Sex is also an act that shows physical contact for procreation. Gender depends upon sets of social norms affected by culture and tradition that set apart males from females (Wilson 1-2). The other term to define is violence. Violence responds to conflict as harm is afflicted physically, emotionally or mentally on other people as a result of human action. Violence includes social injustices such as racism and poverty (Daoust 290). Both of them are linked to popular culture. Popular culture deals with the everyday living of people as the theme reflects the lives of the common people (Browne 5). The study deals with the negative effects of the prevailing images shown by the popular culture to the increasing cases of sex and violence as the two societal problems occur in the recent years in response to what the majority people believe. As people throughout their lives seek for learning about the world and its meanings, interactions happen as the humans in the society share experiences. People have roles to play in their lives as the society dictates as standards and acceptable behavior. The roles do not have strict and rigid boundaries as people can have various roles that show flexibility. People can take charge of their lives and choose particular roles to play. Play is important in socialization and building of the personalities of people as personalities affect the roles that people play. In terms of personality traits, the gender is also affected. Nowadays the availability of television programs and video games are widely used by people for information and relaxation. Such popular media affect the roles of women as the

Scottsdale Journey Stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scottsdale Journey Stories - Essay Example Scottsdale is one of the cities found within the state of Arizona and has a population of over 200,000 people according to the 2010 data sourced from the United States census bureau. Scottsdale is also known as the desert version of Miami due to the similarity it has with the south beach and the numerous partying found within this locality. The city of Scottsdale is believed to have been originally occupied by the Hohokam, a culture that belongs to the pre-historic era according to archeological information. The city of Scottsdale has for long organized the Scottsdale arts festival, an event that showcases the cultural and art gallery of the state to demonstrate the heritage of the city. The Scottsdale has also been ranked as the best in arts culture festival event in the United States according to the American style magazine. A section of Scottsdale hosts a number of art galleries leries and museums that are open to the public to enable them appreciate the tradition of the city.Jour ney stories are a Smithsonian exhibition that is used to tell the story of the evolution and growth of a nation. These stories are used to illustrate the thrill of travel as well the problems that one can meet while travelling through the different parts of the United States. In this paper, the journey story of the city of Scottsdale in Arizona will be conducted according to the Smithsonian exhibition. The journey stories have been used to tell us the progress that was made in the development of America to illuminate the heritage and the diversity of our people. It provides a better picture of how the American transport and communication system was built and the struggles the characterized the building of a nation (Higgins 34). The journey story of the city of Scottsdale seeks to highlight the tales of the ancestor and how they moved to America from their original lands. The journey story to Scottsdale explores the major connections in the city which can be associated with the Smith sonian’s journey stories. This area has for long been considered as the center of migration within the state of Arizona due to the numerous transportation and crossroad networks within the state. The trails, roads, railways, highways and the air transport networks within the city have provided a lot of business opportunity for the people of Scottsdale. The city is also characterized b y economic prosperity, religious freedom and opportunities for thrilling adventures (Bennett 43). The Scottsdale public arts exhibition has been used for several years to show the historical background and cultural heritage of the city. In this exhibition conducted in partnership with the Scottsdale public library, the educational and cultural riches of the city are made available and open to the public for viewing. These programs have been used to create public awareness of the art and increase public interest towards the cultural developments that have been witnessed in the city (Higgins 24). In this journey across the city of Scottsdale, the magnificent roads, rail network and the tradition prehistoric sites will be visited to provide a clear picture of the city today and in the past. The Scottsdale seen today that is characterized by a number of skyscrapers was not present a century ago and this progress in the development of proper housing structure began with the struggles of the forefathers. The town of Arizona has fences built around different homes and buildings, a feature to highlight the need for security to protect our homes and villages. These fences are made from decorative structures which form part of the beautiful landscape that we see today in different parts of the city (Farquhar 2). The kolaces, the spaetzle and the perogie that is a common diet for most of the people around the city of Scottsdale has a tradition background with this place. The culture of the old Scottsdale has thus influenced the eating habits of the present Scottsdale. The recipes, me nus and the ceremonies

Western traditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Western traditions - Essay Example Religious literature has contributed much in the beliefs and practices of various religions in the world. For one, scriptures and other religious text help document the occurrences and events and the rituals we continue to practice today.Its historical allusion is towards the beginning of how religion has emerged and developed in which areas of the world as well as its impact on society and culture of the countries where religion is practiced, which therefore contributed to the present way of life of its citizens. Without religious text to support the faith, there will be no continuity of practices that will be handed down from generation to generation. Second, it has engaged individuals, even heretics to first interpret certain notable events and figures as we see them in each religion, or relate life events to these same religious indoctrinations and help people see beyond suffering. Next is learning to question long time traditions and beliefs in religion that either belie or unde rmine others which naturally mock the purpose of imparting goodwill to mankind through religion.The center of Jewish intellectual life after the Babylonian destruction of the Jewish temple is completely debatable. Some would say it is in the central plains of Sahara, where the fruits of genetically altered plant species were cultivated to benefit early Byzantine human civilization. Some would say it would have shifted along with the axial tilt of the planet, to an estimated forty three degrees where old Mesopotamia was. Unfortunately, it cannot be determined with enough accuracy so as to be rendered fully ascertained. Still we can consider the events that transpired in order to determine when it actually occurred. For one, the Jews have been particularly ostracized and persecuted since the olden times, from the start middle ages where they have been considerably ridiculed in Christian Europe, especially with the reign of Christianity through Constantine's prodding. The enlightenment of Jews from around the world began when their full emancipation from such restrictive laws that govern their social existence regardless of their beliefs and traditions were encouraged and slowly emerged. The golden age of Jewish culture in Spain has particularly contributed to where Jews were placed in society until the Nazi terrorism against Jews. Page 339 #2: Over what issue or issues did Latin and Greek Christianity separate, and what are the principal continuing differences between these two branches of Christianity in worship, organization, and theology Latin Christianity strictly adheres to the liturgies of Latin rites, including the absolute celibacy of priests, appointment of bishops directly by the Pope, and other traditional standard rules enforced by this part of the Catholic church that originated from western Europe where Latin was the primary language. As opposed to the beliefs and traditions that are implemented by that of Greek Christianity, where priests and pastors can marry, and have separate liturgical rites from that of Latin Christianity, though they continue to respect the usual policies originating in Rome. The Great Schism between the Eastern and the Western Church based on the issues faced by Constantinople apart from language barriers and political events have contributed greatly to this separation. Whereas Latin Christianity considers Rome as the ultimate highest single entity to govern the Church's policies, Greek Christianity believes no lone authority should be notable but the

Problems Associated of a Common Currency as Illustrated by the Current Essay

Problems Associated of a Common Currency as Illustrated by the Current EU Crisis - Essay Example Similarly, it has been a key achievement in that about 330 million European Union populations utilize it as their currency and benefit from its advantages. Although the use of a common currency may be beneficial to member states, it may have some various shortcomings. For instance, experts agree that there are various challenges associated with the use of a unified currency – as Eurozone member states are learning. Even though, the first few years of using a common currency went impressively, breaks have started appearing on the Eurozone as the global crisis intensifies, (Gabrisch and Ru?diger, 45). The original objective of the Euro was to enhance the overall economic productivity of the European countries, as fragile, minority nations had changed to be increasingly competitive. On the contrary, fragile nation enjoyed increased purchasing supremacy without the need of producing extensive products and services. Similarly, overall growth of productivity reduced in Europe from a bout 1.7 yearly prior to the euro to half the cost since. Additionally, euro suffers from the disintegrated political authority that controls its economy. Each member state can issue it independent debt; the euro is beneficial and useful in about 16 diverse bond markets, (Horngren, Srikant and Madhav 63). Similarly, each economy designs its own expenditure policies and tax; some nations now experience debts greater than their GDP. Similarly, while the counties have been exempted from the currency fluctuations impacts, euro states now experience a diverse – sometimes extremely painful – effect from the global investors’ whims. Borrowing costs in increasingly obligated nations such as Spain and Portugal are increasingly advanced than of Germany that has accrued the enormous pile of savings. In addition, these nations experience diverse painful choices that they did not have to address in the past when they could devaluate their domestic currency. For instance, Ita ly experiences some stark options, which continue to mess up with the economic growth of the country. Italy contemplates on whether to boost productivity by reducing wages, or leave the euro and devaluate national debts and design its local currency, (Grauwe 89). However, pursuing such decisions would make the situation extremely difficult for Italy to borrow. Some euro nations with extensive debts experience downward spirals as these debts deepen costs leading to increased tax or low spending. Reducing future costs of borrowing implies increasing productivity – via either layoffs or reduction of wage or both. None of these options is likely to receive much support by the day of election. A common currency enhances reduced and steady inflation, stability in the rate of exchange and strong public finance between members of European Union. For instance, some Eurozone nations have reported experiencing financial crisis because of shared currency. Additionally, experts agree that Euro was designed on the basis on a false premise that a common currency would result to unification of economic performance among members. For instance, Greece would resemble Germany and Portugal would resemble Finland. In fact, the creation of Euro has resulted to intensification of the gap between developed and developing nations as

Networking and data security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Networking and data security - Assignment Example More often than not this kind of network of personal area network could also be interconnected lacking wires to the Internet or other even networks. To a larger extent this is true. Unlike other types of networks that are specifically fixed to an office location network wise, metropolitan area network span to the furthest boundary of a city. A metropolitan area network (MAN) can be referred to as a network that interconnects users in a geographic area or region larger than a large local area network (LAN) can cover but at the same time smaller than wide area network (WAN can cover. The statement is further true as the term MAN` is applied to the networks interconnection in a city into a single larger network. A database user, also referred to as a traditional user is individuals who are associated with passwords and schemas. For instance, an application or a person that logs onto the database, they use a database user (schema) as well as password. Database users are, therefore, able to create heavyweight sessions to the schemas that they are associated. An application user, on the other hand, can be an autonomous application process or a person that accesses information or data in the database. Unlike database users, application users do not own database schemas. However, they are able to create application sessions to databases via the middle tier. They are also able to create heavyweight database sessions via direct connection to the database. A database role is traditionally imagined to be a set of database privileges that applications, database users, or other database roles are granted. Database roles serve as intermediaries that map database privileges to database applications and users. On the other hand, an application user is often regarded as a set of application-define privileges associated with it and it is only granted to application users or to other application roles. An application role

(Depend on the play) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

(Depend on the play) - Movie Review Example Its capability to transform simple objects into more valuable things tickles one’s imagination. It challenges character for one to be who he is not, where ever, whenever. The magic that happens on stage can be deemed contagious, especially when the pixie dusts of theatre arts touch the mind, heart and soul of the audience. First impression lasts, they say, but as for the play Midsummer Night’s Dream, it dominates. This first impression pushed the button of audience enthusiasm by simply creating impact from the set design and overall ambience of the theatre. The stage was set with a mini stage, circular with small wall- like structures and with three overlapping ramps. The set was white and glittery which created a magical feel for the magical play that it is. The different lighting designs created moods for scenes. It perfectly falls on the white palette of the stage. The music engaged the audience to their emotions while watching the play. The simple wonders crafted from set, music and lights design gave amazing effects to the ambience of the play, and improved overall performance. Speaking of performance, the actors were impressive. Individual characterization was effective. The actors seem to be in real connection to the fictional character that they are portraying. Line mastery is essential in acting but to transcend with it is the bigger challenge. To achieve the desired effect to the audience the actors need to commit to the character, in such a way that even their nails embody the nails of the portrayed character. The characters optics, kinesics, and movement are also some essentials that were excellently achieved by the actors. Costumes also greatly contributed in the production value and effectiveness of the production. Midsummer Night’s Dream is a fantasy play with queens, kings, fairies, and the like. The intricately designed costumes talk about the personality of the character the moment the actor stands on stage. Props are

Problems Associated of a Common Currency as Illustrated by the Current Essay

Problems Associated of a Common Currency as Illustrated by the Current EU Crisis - Essay Example Similarly, it has been a key achievement in that about 330 million European Union populations utilize it as their currency and benefit from its advantages. Although the use of a common currency may be beneficial to member states, it may have some various shortcomings. For instance, experts agree that there are various challenges associated with the use of a unified currency – as Eurozone member states are learning. Even though, the first few years of using a common currency went impressively, breaks have started appearing on the Eurozone as the global crisis intensifies, (Gabrisch and Ru?diger, 45). The original objective of the Euro was to enhance the overall economic productivity of the European countries, as fragile, minority nations had changed to be increasingly competitive. On the contrary, fragile nation enjoyed increased purchasing supremacy without the need of producing extensive products and services. Similarly, overall growth of productivity reduced in Europe from a bout 1.7 yearly prior to the euro to half the cost since. Additionally, euro suffers from the disintegrated political authority that controls its economy. Each member state can issue it independent debt; the euro is beneficial and useful in about 16 diverse bond markets, (Horngren, Srikant and Madhav 63). Similarly, each economy designs its own expenditure policies and tax; some nations now experience debts greater than their GDP. Similarly, while the counties have been exempted from the currency fluctuations impacts, euro states now experience a diverse – sometimes extremely painful – effect from the global investors’ whims. Borrowing costs in increasingly obligated nations such as Spain and Portugal are increasingly advanced than of Germany that has accrued the enormous pile of savings. In addition, these nations experience diverse painful choices that they did not have to address in the past when they could devaluate their domestic currency. For instance, Ita ly experiences some stark options, which continue to mess up with the economic growth of the country. Italy contemplates on whether to boost productivity by reducing wages, or leave the euro and devaluate national debts and design its local currency, (Grauwe 89). However, pursuing such decisions would make the situation extremely difficult for Italy to borrow. Some euro nations with extensive debts experience downward spirals as these debts deepen costs leading to increased tax or low spending. Reducing future costs of borrowing implies increasing productivity – via either layoffs or reduction of wage or both. None of these options is likely to receive much support by the day of election. A common currency enhances reduced and steady inflation, stability in the rate of exchange and strong public finance between members of European Union. For instance, some Eurozone nations have reported experiencing financial crisis because of shared currency. Additionally, experts agree that Euro was designed on the basis on a false premise that a common currency would result to unification of economic performance among members. For instance, Greece would resemble Germany and Portugal would resemble Finland. In fact, the creation of Euro has resulted to intensification of the gap between developed and developing nations as

(Depend on the play) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

(Depend on the play) - Movie Review Example Its capability to transform simple objects into more valuable things tickles one’s imagination. It challenges character for one to be who he is not, where ever, whenever. The magic that happens on stage can be deemed contagious, especially when the pixie dusts of theatre arts touch the mind, heart and soul of the audience. First impression lasts, they say, but as for the play Midsummer Night’s Dream, it dominates. This first impression pushed the button of audience enthusiasm by simply creating impact from the set design and overall ambience of the theatre. The stage was set with a mini stage, circular with small wall- like structures and with three overlapping ramps. The set was white and glittery which created a magical feel for the magical play that it is. The different lighting designs created moods for scenes. It perfectly falls on the white palette of the stage. The music engaged the audience to their emotions while watching the play. The simple wonders crafted from set, music and lights design gave amazing effects to the ambience of the play, and improved overall performance. Speaking of performance, the actors were impressive. Individual characterization was effective. The actors seem to be in real connection to the fictional character that they are portraying. Line mastery is essential in acting but to transcend with it is the bigger challenge. To achieve the desired effect to the audience the actors need to commit to the character, in such a way that even their nails embody the nails of the portrayed character. The characters optics, kinesics, and movement are also some essentials that were excellently achieved by the actors. Costumes also greatly contributed in the production value and effectiveness of the production. Midsummer Night’s Dream is a fantasy play with queens, kings, fairies, and the like. The intricately designed costumes talk about the personality of the character the moment the actor stands on stage. Props are

How has China been affected by globalization Essay Example for Free

How has China been affected by globalization Essay In the late 1970s China made perhaps its most significant strategic political manoeuvre of the 20th Century when it embarked on a series of economic reforms that embraced globalization (Bijian, 2005). Deng Xiaoping and other Chinese leaders believed that to further Chinas development, participation in an open global economy would be crucial to its survival (Chow, 2002) During the three decades since these reforms Chinas political and economic institutions have undergone a dramatic transition (Overholt, 2005 and Economy, 1998). China has shifted from the worlds greatest opponent of globalization into a committed member of a global economy and advocate of globalization (Overholt, 2005). The pinnacle of this transformation and Chinas economic growth was its admission into to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) on 11 December, 2001 (Allen et al, 2006 and Fishman, 2005). Consequently, China is now subjected to international trends and forces to a degree unprecedented since 1949 (Bijian, 2005 and Chow, 2004). In this essay I will analyse the effect that globalization has had on Chinas political, economic, legal and technological institutions. Furthermore, I will also analyse whether China has been forced to change to pander to the international economic community or whether it has voluntarily instituted change for its own benefit and development. However before analysing the effect that globalization has had on China it is important to understand what the term globalisation means. Globalisation became a buzz word in the 1990s because of its influence in creating a world in which geographic location became increasingly irrelevant (Immerfall 2006). In essence globalisation refers to the unrestricted flow of goods, capital, information, technology and people across national borders (Chow, 2005a). Globalisation is, however, by no means a new phenomenon and China has been subjected to its effects for many centuries (Alford, 1999). In fact, the effects of globalisation in China go as far back as the Han dynasty (206BC-220AD) when trade took place between the Han Chinese and neighbouring people in the North-west through the Silk Route (Chow, 2004: 3). Despite this, in the Qing Dynasty and the early stages of the Chinese Communist Partys rule, right up until Deng Xiaopings open door policy, China tried  to close its doors and restrict the influence of globalisation (Street, 2000 and Chow 2004 and 2005a). This was not the first time that China was forced to confront and implement a national strategy to either embrace or combat the effects of globalisation. In fact, as recently as the 1990s, China was confronted by this conundrum, namely: whether to continue its global economic expansion in the face of the Asian financial crisis or to once again close it doors and retreat inwards to protect itself from the economic fallout of a struggling region (Fishman, 2005 and Nolan, 2001). However, by carefully weighing the advantages and disadvantages of economic openness the Chinese government decided to open up the Chinese economy even more, and eventually joined the World Trade Organization by implementing large economic reforms (Bijian, 2005). There is no doubting that these economic reforms and Chinas embracement of globalisation has brought stunning results. Since starting to open up and reform its economy in 1978, China has averaged 9.4 percent annual GDP growth, one of the highest growth rates in the world (Bijian, 2005: 3). One of the reasons for the huge leaps in growth has come from direct foreign investment that has been facilitated by Chinas admission to the WTO. For example, in the space of a few days in 2004, a North Korean Steel Company launched a $500 million steel project in the Dalian development zone; Frances St Gobain invested $70 million in one of its existing glass production lines in China; Germanys Siemens opened its fortieth office in China for development of software; and Finlands Stora Enso invested $1.6 billion in a paper pulp project in Guandong Province (Hall et al, 2004). Such results have seen China become the third largest trading country in the world and the envy of many developing economies around the world (Chow, 2005b). While such economic statistics are regularly celebrated by the Chinese government as a success of Chinas inclusion into the WTO, many in China are in fact lamenting the negative effects of globalisation and the scrutiny that WTO membership has brought. In fact WTO membership came at a very high price for the domestic Chinese economy (Overholt, 2005). Throughout the 80s  and 90s China initiated structural changes such as the phasing out of direct subsidies for exports and began cutting tariffs in preparation for inclusion into the WTO (Pearson, 2001). Over the three years from 1994 to 1997, the countrys average tariff rate was lowered from about 43 to 17 per cent and at the time of Chinas entry into the WTO in late 2001, the overall average was just 15 per cent. Such drastic economic changes were at the behest of the WTO and the result being that a lot of factories and domestic industries have gone bankrupt because many people prefer foreign products which have become cheaper as a r esult of Chinas inclusion into WTO (Solinger, 2005). Furthermore, Moore (2002) also argues that Chinas accession into the World Trade Organization could be viewed as more beneficial to the rest of the world rather than China itself. WTO commitments made by China do not in any way protect Chinas domestic producers and therefore the argument that that the greatest benefit of Chinas WTO membership is enjoyed by foreign companies is indeed a valid one (Moore, 2002: 311). Yang (2004: 307) argues that admission into the WTO was in fact too big of a restructure step for China and continues by noting that Chinese involvement in the WTO is great for foreign companies and bad for local ones because one of the first laws enacted to ensure WTO membership was designed to attract and protect investment from overseas. It is clear that this lack of protectionism, although beneficial to the outside world, has been disrupted the income to domestic businesses. Of particular note is the fact that with Chinas WTO membership foreign investors have been allowed access to markets that were previously restricted or highly regulated (Samuelson, 2004 and Pearson, 2001). These incursions have been most evident in the insurance, telecommunications, and financial industries (Prasad, 2004). Such competition is however of great benefit to the domestic Chinese consumer. In fact, fifteen years ago China barely had any mobile telecommunication services, whereas now it claims more than 300 million mobile phone subscribers, more than any other nation (Bijian, 2005). Whether this is a result of modernisation or globalisation is highly debatable, but it is clear that Chinese consumers are embracing the increase in products and services provided by many foreign companies. Other than the local businesses being hurt by foreign investments and industries, the labour market in China is also suffering from major unemployment as a result of the forces of globalisation (Chow, 2004). While entry into the WTO has in itself not created joblessness, it has however heightened a number of trends that were already underway, including accelerating the rate of insolvency of state owned enterprises. The result being the discharge of tens of millions of workers who, when they were younger, were once assured of employment by the socialist state (Economy, 1998 and Chow 2004 and 2005b). According to Prasad (2004: 6) the unemployment problem is in fact likely to worsen over the next few years due to restructuring in the rural and state enterprise sectors, the very type of restructuring that has been mandated upon China by the World Trade Organisation. Another cause of the unemployment problem currently facing the Chinese economy is its shift away from sunset industries such as manufacturing, mining and construction to newer industries that demand workers with specialised skills (Prasad, 2004; Solinger 2005 and Yang 2004). Similar changes are evident in Chinas effort to upgrade its technology industry, which has not only involved the replacement of much unskilled labour but in many cases also reduces the need to employ as many skilled blue-collar workers (Nolan, 2001 and Economy, 1998). While this can not be directly liked to WTO membership it is clear that the forces of globalisation are having a major impact on the Chinese economy, the products it produces and its labour force. The amazing growth in Chinas economy as a result of its increased participation and integration in a global economy is also having social and political consequences. Most notable a growing divide between Chinas rich and poor. Obviously China would not have self imposed such drastic economic changes purely to encourage direct foreign investment to the detriment of domestic businesses, but it is clear the benefits of the global marketplace are not being shared around Chinas 1.3 billion people (Solinger, 2005 and Chow, 2004). It is very much the case in China that the rich are getting  richer and the poor are just getting left behind. This is also evident in the growing regional inequalities in China. Despite the governments attempts to rectify the situation, foreign investment has continued to flow to those provinces where education levels are the highest, infrastructure most well developed and political power most concentrated (Overholt, 2005 and Economy, 1998). Moreover, while the wealthier provinces in theory pay taxes to the centre to compensate the poorer provinces, in practice this system has failed allowing corruption to flourish, resulting in power becoming de-centralised from Beijing to local authorities. Not surprisingly such inequality has contributed to serious political tension between the haves and have nots (Bijian 2005 and Economy 1998). Overholt (2005: 7) however argues that despite the growing divide between the rich and poor, the Chinese overwhelmingly support further globalisation. Overholt (2005: 7) asserts that no large country in human history has ever experienced such rapid improvements in living standards and working conditions as China has in its acceptance of adjustments to accommodate the forces of globalisation. So while the economic dividends of Chinas rapid growth are not being shared equally around the country, the majority are nonetheless better off. One of the reasons for such widespread approval of the modernisation of the economy has been the upgrading of technology, especially telecommunications which has been an essential aspect of the Chinese governments plans for continued economic growth (Chow, 2004 and 2005a and Econommy, 1998). Normally if there is general contentment among the population then this would provide little in the way of difficulties for those in power. Fred Tipson (1998: 12) however, notes a difficult conundrum for the Chinese government in their embracement of economic globalisation. The Chinese leadership has repeatedly emphasized the central role of telecommunications and information technologies in building its modern economy†¦..on the one hand, actively promoting a modern communications infrastructure, while on the other hand, repeatedly trying to control the content and uses of the information that pulses through it. Tipson (1998) concludes that the  communications revolution will diminish the need or inclination of most Chinese to defer to central authority or accept routinely the governments characterization of reality.The Chinese government is more than aware of the threat to its power that the technological revolution and global scrutiny presents. Given the current uprisings and discontent in Tibet the government has blocked access to many websites to control the flow of information to not only its own people, but the international community (Maunder, 2008). So while the forces of globalisation may have brought prosperity to China, the Chinese government also has to work overtime to maintain its grip on power. When evaluating the impact that globalisation has had on China it is important not to lose sight of the big picture. Economic growth alone does not provide a full picture of a countrys development and despite Chinas population of 1.3 billion, its Chinas economy is still just one-seventh the size of the United States (Bijian, 2005). However, the open-door policy that was first advanced by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s has been of great success in modernising China. It is true that such rapid growth has presented China with some problems, including the demise of some domestic industries, unemployment and minor political instability, however given its current path it appears that Chinas rise to superpower status is inevitable. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alford, William (1999) Does the rule of law really rule? paper presented before the Conference on Policy Reform in China, Center for Research in Economic Development and Policy Research, Standford University, November 18-20, 1999 (Online) Available from: http://www.cdy.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/11/3/287.pdf [Accessed 10th March 2008]Allen, Franklin. Jun Qian and Meijun Qian (2006), Chinas Financial Reform: Past, Present and Future in Loren Brandt and Thomas Rawski, ed. Chinas Economic Transition: Origins, Mechanism, and Consequences. University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School: MimeoBijian, Zheng (2005) Chinas Peaceful Rise to Great-Power Status Foreign Affairs September/October 2005Chow, Gregory (2002) Chinas Economic Transformation Oxford: Blackwell Publishing CompanyChow, Gregory (2004) Knowing China Singapore: World Scientific Publishing CompanyChow, Gregory (2005a) Corruption and Economic Reform in the Early 21st Century Princeton University, California: MimeoChow, Greogry and Yan, Shen (2005b) Demand for Education in China Princeton University, California: MimeoEconomy, Elizabeth (1998) China Confronts the Challenge of Globalization New York: Rockefeller Brothers Fund, IncFishman, Ted (2005) How the rise of the next super power challenges America and the world New York, N.Y.: ScribnerHall, D., Jones, R., and Raffo, C. (2004) Business Studies 3rd Edition, Lancashire: Causeway Press LtdImerfall, Stefan (2006) Territoriality in the Globalizing Society: One Place or None? (Online) Available from: http://www.amazon.com/Territoriality-Globalizing-Society-European-Transatlantic/dp/3540643222 [Accessed 9th March 2008]Maunder, Patricia (2008) The Great Firewall of China The Age, March 20, 2008 (Online) Available from: http://www.theage.com.au/news/web/the-great-firewall-of-china/2008/03/18/1205602389513.html? [Accessed 21st March 2008]Moore, Thomas (20 02) China in the World Market New York, NY: Cambridge University PressNolan, Peter (2001) China and the Global Economy: National Champions, Industrial Policy and the Big Business Revolution New York, N.Y: PalgraveOverholt, W (2005) China and Globalization Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, May 19, 2005. Santa Monica, California: Rand CorporationPearson, Margaret (2001) The Case of Chinas Accession to the GATT/WTO, in David M. Lampton (ed.), The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform, 1978-2000 Stanford: Stanford University PressPrasad, Eswar (2004) Chinas Growth and Integration into the World Economy: Prospects and Challenges International Monetary Fund Publications, June 17, 2004. Samuelson, Paul (2004) Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization Economic Perspectives, 18: 3 Summer, 2004Solinger, Dorothy (2005) Chinese Urban Jobs and the WTO The China Journal, May 2005Street, N., Lynch, M and Marilyn, J (2000) American Business in China: Balancing Culture and Communication (Online) Available from: http://www.cald.org/website/polparties_asia.htm [Accessed 5th March 2008]Tipson, Fred (1998) China and the Information Revolution China Joins the World: progress and Prospects New York: Council for Foreign Relations PressYang, Dali (2003) Remaking the Chinese Leviathan Stanford,

Positive And Negative Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay

Positive And Negative Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay GENERAL INTRODUCTION PROS AND CONS There are both positive and negative effects resulting from tourism.Positively it creates employment and economically enables the conservation of valuable space;restrains a migratory tendency within the home population improving their socio-cultural education.It encourages support of local commercialisation resulting in the free interchange of ideas,customs and sensitization of issues concerning the eco-environment.The reduction of working hours,the ever present threat of unemployment because of technological advancement and the globalisation process enables the tourism industry to provide an interesting and stimulating intensive alternative. Just as significant are the effects of the rising cost of natural resources,water,energy.The spoiling of landscapes with land reclamation;rising levels of waste disposal;alterations to ecosystems;the extinction of rare species of animals and plants;the loss of traditional values and rising levels of prostitution,that is sex tourism.There is the narcotics trade,forest fires,together with the rising cost of housing. There are rising levels of carbon dioxide and other contaminating gases from increasing frequencies of airflights with ozone erosion and acid rain.All kinds of ecosystems are becoming affected.Thailand is littered with golf courses that consume large amounts of pesticides and water.There is hardly anywhere in the world not affected by tourism impact .Tourism is an aspect of globalisation most sensitive to any repercussion.In the eastern region of Spain for example,Benidorm has a great concentration of hotels,accommodating nearly half a million tourists in August within an area of little more than 12 kilometres.There is also a large proportion of the population of many countries who do not participate in tourist flows but who nevertheless will become part of such flows with the emergence of new markets in Latin-America and Asia. NEGATIVE IMPACT AND DIVERSIFICATION There is no one clearly acknowledged method of analysing the impacts of tourism and there are a number of different criteria for its measurement.Most studies are able to display the benefits generated and contributive to the balance of payments and deployed income supplied by the government.Yet few have included the analysis of negative effects.Negative economic impact has an effect on the local scale with destinations suffering economically when dependent on tourism.Diversification if applied to the local economy is able to positively reverse such consequences with the development of tourist goods and services replacing the previous gains from traditional activities.Yet there is fragility, with instability ever present due to alteration of tourist routes,ineffective publicity,and influence from ever changing tourist fashions in response to seasonal variation of production.An inflationary spiral frequently develops.This inflationary aspect is sublimative with prices and taxes affecti ng the local population.It has no regard for anything existant before and it becomes patently obvious in the escalation of food prices and that of goods etc.Those who are directly involved in the industry experience improved benefit but not the local population. There occurs disruption of traditional productive sectors of capital destinations within areas of tourist development.Foreign capital is not limited to a local effect as it leaves the receiving country thereby contributing to a loss of currency.Some authorities assert that for the long term,low potential productivity from a tourist company has a depressive effect on local economic growth. Possible inflation may occur from tourist activity,the purchasing potential being greater than that of the resident population therefore leading to escalating prices for food and services.There is loss of potential economic benefits with a high dependency on foreign capital.resulting in distortion of the local economy.Concentration of econo mic activity becomes channeled into one type of activity,with a resultant fluctuating impact upon the level of employment. FURTHER FACTORS It appears that tourism development within a country relates to an assumption of economic gain.Only tourism management with its application of various methods and principals can determine whether any economical gain will outweight the cost factor.There are staffing costs,overheads and utilities to take into account.The decision to reduce costs to a minimum might involve improved staffing rotas,and energy saving programmes. FURTHER POSITIVES There can be a number of positive impacts of tourism such as contributing towards a favourable balance of payments,facilitated competition with foreign banking,provision of input to the GNP(Gross National Product) and the spending multiplier.Also there are job creation opportunities and increased revenues for the government from direct taxation.There are negative impacts including costs for infrastructure development;and the over-dependence of the destination on tourists;also the aspect of low skilled work. It seems clear there is a simple principle involved here, namely that of minimising costs and maximising profits.High leakage is most likely to occur with multi national enterprises,where there is the need to promote tourism.In order to do so there has to be importation of food and beverages and capital technology accompanied by repatriation of staff. A capital outflow occurs as a result of capital investment for infrastructure from the host government. It may be argued that with restriction/control of such multi national enterprises there will be reduced capital outflow,reduced repatriation,together with switching on of a multiplier effect stimulating more spending by the tourists in the local economy.Again debatable,there is the hiring of as many local residents as possible for staff,ensuring proper salary levels with provision of training to support promotion opportunities.With the resulting reduction of staff repatriation there will occur an increase in the levels of local staff remuneration and immediately contributing to a multiplier effect with the possibility of enhancing the destinations socio-cultural aspect.Economic choice should be accompanied by preferential influence and guidance With the diminishment of seasonality there is a need for professional marketing expertise at destinations to increase the average length of stay,the daily expenditure per head .Yet very searching evaluation is required here for such actions, while producing economic be nefits which may in fact harm the environmental,socio-cultural aspects of the destination causing indirect costs. POSITIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS Social impacts again consist of both positive and negative effects.Positively there is the recovery and conservation of cultural values that but for the visiting tourists would have disappeared.Funds as a result are made available for preservation of artefacts and restoration of forgotten historical monuments.Local communities would be unable to provide such resources.Various tactics are applied in such privileged places of tourist interest.Many local customs have been revitalized and tourist resources are being made available for the reappearance of folklore,festivals,craft pursuits and gastronomy.There has occurred marked improvement in facilities and services such as sanitary,modes of transport,parks etc. NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS Nevertheless again negative impacts exist.The immediate negative factor is that of the social disparities between the indigenous population and that of the visitors.For some destinations essentially those to be found in the underprivileged countries there is a kind of imperialistic relationship with the inhabitants becoming servants of the tourists.Inevitably there arises social tension and resentment.A new kind of colonialism appears with dependency upon the foreign currency.Outside workers with better qualifications obtain the contracts.With such clear indications of the socio-economic differences the negative impact takes effect.Gaming,increasing prostitution and drugs make their appearance where previously they had not existed.Tourist arrivals are therefore linked to such manifestations.Loss of culturization occurs as a result of such negative impacts.The local population observes the tourists and then seeks to adapt to their customs paving the way for the destruction and disappe arance of the very thing that the tourists originally arrived for. DOXEYS IRRIDEX MODEL The socio-cultural effect therefore becomes measurable with reference to the crime rate .A management method used to measure the level of socio-cultural impact is Doxeys Irridex Model.The model has a four stage process wherein there are diminishing returns in the local inhabitants attitude towards the visitors.Firstly there is the exploration stage where contact between both parties is of frequent occurrence and here the attitude is referred to as euphoria.There is a welcoming of contact with the outside world and there is the possibility of supplementing the household income as a result of such inflow.With increasing tourist arrivals there occurs diminishing contact with the early arrivals.The tourists become part of everyday business concerns that transforms the initial attitude into one that seeks contact and liaison for personal gain.Those residents of such a destination develop an apathetic attitude to such matters. A further development of the model presents annoyance.The significant inflow of tourism disrupts everyday life with developing queues experienced in the local shops,traffic jams.Local business accommodates to souvenir promotion emanating a sense of alienation to the local population.A subtle inbalance is occurring subconsciously activating antagonism towards the tourists.There is a loss of control within the community because they have now become dependent upon such tourist inflows.Destination facilities as a result of increasing volume deteriorate and contribute to the attraction of a down-market visitor.The tourists now become the focus of blame for such developments.The increasing deterioration in attitude becomes a mirror of reflection and comparison of the effect of such tourism influx. TOURISM AND DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT The tourism impact to the environment is the most negative aspect.Wholesale damage has been caused to large areas that will be very difficult indeed to reclaim.Tourism,tourist activity as a phenomenon of mass flows requires substantial infrastructure supported by intricate service networks.Careful planning has not always been applied with a resulting deterioration of the natural and social environments.There has been a transformation of infected zones with the destruction of ecosystems;diminution in the quality and quantity of water;soil contamination;the extinction of many species of fauna;severe infection of flora,fishing depletion and the contamination of the sea. Destruction of ecosystems arises with a massive presence of visitors.Originally the mass influx promised a get-rich-quick attitude.Those destinations with an image of a tourist paradise have become victims to ecosystem destruction.Natural clean water has been severly affected and reduced with tourist arrivals.In many instances the amount of tourists arriving has been unsustainable to local resources.The many many golf courses and residential swimming pools all affect agricultural development and the zonal ecological balance. Soil contamination arises in many instances with substances derived from human activity that alter the chemical environment and reduces crop yield. Many species of fauna are becoming extinct;tree populations are becoming severely depleted;there is unregulated city-planning,and uncontrolled hunting presenting an overwhelming danger to an increasing number of species.The mighty oceans yield of fish is becoming seriously affected.Population along the coasts has mushroomed together with second residences.To prevent an ecological disaster careful and superior planning is necessary;beyond local expertise.An overwhelming presence in the natural zones is affecting/impacting the flora in the same way.The presence of tourists in natural zones with a deluge of sporting activity such as motorbikes,mountain bikes,all land vehicles causes severe erosion of surface land inevitably affecting the flora. PROSPECTIVE SOLUTIONS Are there solutions to such problems? Or is tourism an impact generator advancing to disaster? A global entity that is attaching attention to such problems and attempting to fulfil objectives for a sustainable tourism is the European Union.The EU with its agenda 21 has invited the local administrations to act.It recommends the following:Promotion of local production,offering ecological foods of the region containing no additives.Reduction of waste garbage and separation of the various categories for possible recycling.Usage of various technologies to save water.Purification of residual waters for irrigation and agriculture.The saving of energy with efficient washing machines,heat insulation.Respecting the environment and landscape.Promotion of public transport and bicycling.Establishment of pedestrian zones in areas of historic value.The promotion of local tourism and the support to reduce air schedules of the flight industry thereby reducing carbon emissions.Planning to facilitate contact between the visiting tourists and the local inhabitants but to deter the formation of an y tourism ghettos.Planning to benefit all the local population. MAXIMIZE AND MINIMIZE All the factors noted above seem to suggest that the main aims concerning tourism management strategy are to maximise economic,environmental and socio-cultural benefits but to minimise associated costs. The physical and cultural environments comprise the essential attractions for the visiting tourist to the destination.It is the responsibility of tourism management to minimize environmental damage so ensuring future business.There are a number of methods that may be applied to diminish environmental impacts.Energy saving measures eg light bulbs,toilet flushes,cleaning detergents that are environmentally friendly.The limiting of visas thereby reducing immediately the number of visitors.Educational programmes of awareness both for the visiting tourists and the locals.An increase in profit may result with the reduction of costs,applied to utilities. Even if the limitation of visas does significantly affect profit it may be considered a better option so that there is still existent the possibility of future gains with the preservation of the destinations natural resources that are there to attract the tourists in the first place. TO CONCLUDE;;one of the main ingredients for success of environmental policies is government involvement itself.Again it may be arguable there should be laws on land usage and the extent of building construction for the destination with the necessary infrastructure being installed to meet anticipated volume of tourist flow together with protection of natural heritages. Tourism management methods applied to assist in maximizing positives and minimising negatives of impact for the socio-culture consist of educating about tourism;promotion of cross-cultural exchange;imposition of visitor codes;ensuring that locals have access to cultural facilities;preservation of local architecture;maintenance of authenticity;providing for the more sensitive cultural tourist with appropriate marketing;limitation of tourist numbers. One principal that has gained attention is the carrying capacity assessment.It may be used to control and implement frontline sustainable tourism.There is a variety of applications such as the determination of a tourism development limit for a particular place and the limitation of actual visitor numbers. Hopefully it attempts to achieve sustainable tourism development as a working reality.It has not met with the anticipated success because of unrealistic expectations,faulty assumptions and misplaced value judgment with an inadequate legal support system. It perhaps has become clear to the reader that tourism management should not function alone in these matters,but work together with local government and public bodies.Legal implementation is a central issue because if there is to be a restriction of visas for example there has to be assistance from such a quarter.Success breeds success and so tourism management and government will hum the same tune. The methods referred to above all have the same principal;that of protection for the host destination rather than a focus upon tourism demand.Obviously the demand has to be considered but it is the design of the tourist product that should be the main focus.Application of such principals referred to in the foregoing discussion will hopefully result in sustainable tourism for the future.