Differentiation Strategy Essay

In this paper work we will talk about Differentiation Strategy. In contrast to the cost leadership strategy, implementation of a differentiation strategy means that value is provided to customers through the unique features and characteristics of a company’s products rather than by the lowest price. Because differentiated products satisfy customers’ unique needs or preferences, companies can charge premium prices for differentiated products. For the company to be able to outperform its competitors and earn above-average returns, the price charged for the differentiated product must exceed the cost of differentiation. In other words, the price charged must exceed total product cost. Because of this, the differentiated product’s premium prices generally exceed the low price of the standard product. Companies that follow a differentiation strategy concentrate or focus on product innovation and developing product features that customers value rather than on maintaining the lowest competitive price (as is the case for the cost leadership strategy). Products can be differentiated in a number of ways so that they stand apart from standardised products: superior quality unusual or unique features more responsive customer service rapid product innovation advanced technological features engineering design additional features an image of prestige or status For example Intel uses speed, innovation, and manufacturing techniques as bases of uniqueness. The company’s focus throughout its primary and secondary value-creating activities is on establishing the importance of quality, accuracy, speed, and responsiveness. The focus is also on understanding and meeting customers’ unique preferences and monitoring the speed, reliability, and quality of activities provided by others that interface with the company’s inbound and outbound logistics. |Differentiating Features That Raise the Performance a User Gets | |To enhance the performance a buyer gets from using its |Meet the buyer’s needs and requirements more completely, | |product/service, a company can incorporate features and |compared to competitors’ offerings. | |attributes that |Give buyers the option to add on or to upgrade later as new | |Provide buyers greater reliability, durability, convenience,|product versions come on the market. | |or ease of use. |Give buyers more flexibility to tailor their own products to| |Make the company’s product/service cleaner, safer, quieter, |the needs of their customers. | |or more maintenance-free than rival brands. |Do a better job of meeting the buyer’s future growth and | |Exceed environmental or regulatory standards. |expansion requirements. | Source: Adapted from Michael E. Porter, Competitive Advantage, (New York: Free Press, 1985).   However, companies following differentiation strategies cannot completely ignore costs and the need for minimal spending on process-related innovations. A company that successfully implements a differentiation strategy can earn above-average returns even when the five competitive forces are strong. Rivalry with Existing Competitors Achieving customer loyalty means differentiating products in ways that are meaningful to customers. Brand loyalty means that customers will be less sensitive to price increases. As long as the company satisfies the differentiated needs of loyal customers, it may be insulated from price-based competition. Bargaining Power of Buyers (Customers) Through meaningful differentiation, companies develop products that are considered unique. This uniqueness may insulate the company from competitive rivalry and reduce customer sensitivity to price increases (similar to the insulation from rivalry with  existing competitors). By satisfying customer preferences in ways that no competitor can, companies also are able to charge higher prices (because there are no comparable product alternatives). Bargaining Power of Suppliers Because the differentiator charges premium prices, they are somewhat insulated from suppliers’ price increases (as the differentiator can absorb a greater level of cost increases from powerful suppliers through its higher margins). Alternatively, because of lower price sensitivity by customers, differentiators may be able to raise prices to cover increased supplier-related costs. Because of the differentiator’s focus on product quality and responsiveness to customer preferences, suppliers also may be forced to provide differentiators with higher quality materials, components, or services. Potential Entrants The principal barrier to entry is customers’ loyalty to the uniquely differentiated brand. This means that a potential entrant must either overcome (or surpass) the uniqueness of existing products or provide similarly differentiated products at a lower price to increase customer value. Product Substitutes Brand loyalty may effectively insulate differentiated products from substitutes. Without brand loyalty, customers may switch to substitutes that offer similar features at a lower price or to products offering more attractive features at the same price. Like the cost leadership strategy, the differentiation strategy also carries risks.   Customers may decide that the cost of uniqueness is too high. In other words, the price differential between the standardised and differentiated product is too high. Perhaps the company provides a greater level of uniqueness than customers are willing to pay for. The company’s means of differentiation no longer provides value to customers. For instance, what is the value of prestige or exclusivity? And, how long will they last as customers become more  sophisticated? Customer learning may reduce the customer’s perception of the value of the company’s differentiation. Through experience, customers may learn that the extra price paid for a differentiated product no longer has the value that it once did. This loss of value through customer learning or changes in customer perceptions can be illustrated by the experiences of IBM. Initially, the IBM name on a personal computer signalled value to customers; however, clones soon challenged IBM’s pre-eminent position in the PC market. As customers learned that the clone machines offered similar features at lower prices, the value attached to the IBM brand name diminished and IBM’s sales continue to suffer. A fourth risk is concerned with counterfeiting. Increasingly, counterfeit goods (products that attempt to convey differentiated features to customers at significantly reduced prices) are a concern for many companies using the differentiated strategy. In the event of any of the above, differentiators are challenged to increase value to customers. This may mean reducing prices, adding product features without raising prices, or developing new efficiencies in its value chain of primary and secondary activities.

Career Interest Profile

My impenitence of researching, straightening, coping with pressure, applying expertise, logical thinking, and leading are consistent with my profile. The researching means I have the ability to get up to speed quickly when presented with new information and tasks. It allows me to support my opinions with evidence. My ability to produce focused and detailed plans while ensuring I see the big picture are in agreement with straightening. M very comfortable with data, identifying patterns, and getting to the root cause f problems by asking the right questions that support my logical thinking. Applying expertise is my understanding of how things work and the capability to effectively implement the use of every tool at my disposal in order to get things done more efficiently. Coping with pressure simply means I can stay on task and be positive through any situation. Together, all the competencies I have described support my capacity of leading.I enjoy coaching mentoring, ND developing indi viduals by providing clear direction, purpose, and motivation. My work culture preferences are high powered, teamwork centered, and ethical. These correlate to my career interests and competencies in many ways. The teamwork centered culture requires working in a close knit team which is interconnected with enterprising and social individuals with most if not all my competencies. In addition, the ethical preference relates to leading by setting the appropriate standards of behaviors.

Blue Nile Case Essay Example for Free

Blue Nile Case Essay Blue Nile has grown into one of the largest jewelry retailers in the United States with only using the Internet as its distribution channel. The success is a direct result of a well-crafted business strategy that attracts high price customers and provides them with in-depth education about diamonds and jewelry. Gamble, Peteraf, Strickland III, and Thompson (2012), indicated that the company’s strategy provides customers with high quality diamonds, exceptional customer service and low prices (p. c-128). They pride themselves on their selection and outstanding education that they provide to consumers looking for the perfect diamond. In addition they have received various awards and recognition from Forbes and Bizrate.com (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, & Strickland, 2012, p. C-127). Blue Nile has found a niche in which to differentiate itself by creating an online marketplace for jewelry shopping and with low operating costs which makes them extremely competitive. In viewing Blue Niles website, one can see that they have a vast amount of for potential buyers, that which determine a diamond’s value- carat, clarity, color, cut, and cut grade. The company has a user friendly site that present a lot of diamonds styles to choose from with the 5C’s of diamond selection which are cut shape, cut, color, clarity and carat weight. Their price is much lower than others. Blue Niles also prides themselves on their selection and outstanding education that they provide to consumers looking for the perfect diamond (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, & Strickland, 2012, p. C-127). Blue Nile competes in a small area with a specialty offering. Brand awareness remains a constant source of weakness for the company. Blue Nile, Inc. needs to increase their advertising campaign to attract new and retain old customers. Blue Nile needs to create a strong brand awareness that will allow can compete with Tiffany and Co. Blue Nile, Inc. recently opened warehouses in Canada and Britain, but has limited globalization to sales of 40 nations. Blue Nile will need global growth into the European market could prove to be a financial success. Through the operating capital calculations it indicates that Blue Niles strategy is needs some adjustments in the current market space. From 2005 to 2009 the cash that has been available for the firm’s day-to-day operations has dropped dramatically. There was an estimated $58.8 billion in sales in the United States alone in 2009 (Thompson, 2012, p. C-127). With Blue Nile taking $302 million in sales in 2009, they had a great year but in reality only maintain a less than 1% of the market industry hold. This suggests that there is room for growth in this are. With steady profits for the past two years, 2011 has been the best year even though the 4th quarter resulted in small loss. The company profits are 2011 – $348 million, 2010 – $332.9 million, 2009 – $302.1 million, and in 2008 – $295.3 million be (Blue Nile, 2012, Investor Relations). Blue Nile, Inc. 2011 Annual Report (2012). Blue Nile, Inc. (online). r posting and I enjoyed reading it also. In reviewing the financials and the Internet site, it is apparent that Blue Nile spends a lot of money in the area that has no direct impact on generating profit. Blue Nile is now pursuing a new market consisting of non-engagement jewelry by offering an expanded range of products across several price points. This market should offer a great amount of growth opportunities for now and the future. All in all the brand and name recognition is the key aspect that the must pay attention to. Your post was very insightful. A main issue for Blue Nile is the lack of exposure through the their advertising. Blue Nile offers the best prices while still being able to create a profit. The low operations cost of the business enables them to offer low prices and still make a profit. On the other hand the lack of store front exposure creates a problem for gaining additional clients. By adding new products they can create there reach and drive more revenue. Blue Nile Case. (2016, Dec 31).

Sustanibilty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sustanibilty - Essay Example Jeff’s argument of focusing on the costs of production was an important aspect because Nike’s revenue was mostly from this pool. On the other hand, Nike’s response was not convincing. Their response that the labor conditions of its contractors were not their concern was not a proper response. Like any other production company, it is necessary to evaluate the production principles of your partners or contractors. Their response was a selfish response that showed that they were concerned about profits, rather than the welfare of the employees and other stakeholders. Their response to the realization of the severity of the labor issue should have been done in the initial periods. At that time, they would have reduced the pressure that was rising in the labor market. The competitors such as Reebok used this opportunity to increase their competitive advantage while Nike was continuing to be stubborn. Nike did not handle the publicity surrounding its labor practices in a positive way. They waited for the labor issue to be amplified before they reacted. They reacted very late when the damage had been made. Had they acted earlier enough, they would have prevented the issues that arose from the labor unrest in its major distribution platforms. For example, when the criticism arose, they should have taken the initiative of evaluating the labor environment and making the possible changes. On entry into the market, Nike should have surveyed the minimum wages and provided considerable wages to its employees. It should have also evaluated its hiring platform to allow for the hiring of competitive and age appropriate individuals. This issue would have prevented the allegations that arose from the use of underage children in their production. They should also have involved major stakeholders such as the government, the unions, and other bodies in designing the employee rights and wages. In Vietnam, a fair

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 127

Case Study Example The company has also locked out travel agents (Kotler and Bowen 21) and encourages its passengers to buy tickets directly from it. This has allowed it to eliminate the need to pay commissions, something that fits in with its cost-cutting strategy. Southwest tends to avoid big airports that are riddled with bureaucracy and delays that reduce its overall efficiency (Kotler and Bowen 21). This was one of its dilemmas when it decided to go head-to-head with US Airways in Philadelphia, which embodies the red tape nature of America’s largest airports. Any form of delays lower efficiency and this is closely related to the company’s cost-cutting mantra. Despite everything, rivals have started to catch up with Southwest’s cost leadership strategy (Kotler and Bowen 21). The company is no longer the only budget airline in the US, and some rivals like JetBlue and AirTran are offering even lower prices. Southwest has now started experiencing the problems faced by large carriers; the same ones it exploited to take over their

Nuero physiotherapy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nuero physiotherapy - Assignment Example Stroke is known to be one of the worst causes of disability and death all over the world. Ischemic stroke contributes to more than 87 percent of all the strokes (Amarenco et al. 2012). Stroke easily leads older people to death within a very short time; research shows that 8 to 12 percent of adults aged between 45 and 64 years die within 30 days of transient ischemic attack. George’s case is a perfect description of an adult who has suffered a stroke that has lasted for more than one hour without medical attention. The amount of time that the patient lasted without medical attention may have been more than one hour since the only person who could have helped him had been away for most part of the day. Various things occur to patients who suffer ischemic stroke within the first hour leading to neurological problems and even death. During the first hour, a section of the brain usually faces threats of death. The infarct core might be highly ischemic and may certainly die, but tissue with a shortfall of blood provision is also poised on a knife-edge between recovery and death. At this state, metabolic factors and hemodynamics are essential (Bath & Lees 2000). Clinical symptoms exhibited by George are due to a stroke that he has undergone. It is more likely that he suffered from ischemia, which causes more than 85% of strokes, or hemorrhage, which accounts for the remaining 15%, after diagnosis rules out subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hemorrhage leads to direct neuronal injury and adjacent ischemia due to the pressure effect it develops. Primary ischemia occurs because of an embolism or atherothrombotic occlusion. The normal sources of embolism in an individual are the left atrium in cases where there is atrial fibrillation or left ventricle in cases where there is heart failure or myocardial infarction. Occlusion of vessels occurs because of atherosclerosis, in the internal parts of the carotid artery, which is simply next to the carotid bifurcation,

Are there any reasons, beyond the purely aesthetic, for us to be Essay

Are there any reasons, beyond the purely aesthetic, for us to be interested in the sounds of animals - Essay Example There are also arguments by Rothenberg (2013) that opine humans got their notion of dance, rhythm and synchronisation from insect sounds that have surrounded them through millions of years of evolution. Essentially, animal and insect sounds have shaped human sounds. He claims that the sound of insects has acted as a soundtrack for humanity in its entire history and presently, the sounds insects and animals produce are inextricably linked with humanity. From this perspective, this paper will research on the relationship and answer the question â€Å"are there any reasons, beyond the purely aesthetic, for us to be interested in the sounds of animals?† Sound can either be audible or inaudible to the human ear. Inaudible sound is further categorised as infrasound (those below 20 hertz) and ultrasounds (those above 20 kilohertz). The human inner ear has a spiral sheet on which sound plucks synonymously to the way guitar strings are plucked and fires the brain cells that constitute the hearing parts of the brain. When the firing pattern is varied, different cell ensembles are excited and the sounds associated to past experiences, thoughts and feelings. Animal sound is natural in the sense that they are generated by the animals in their normal soundscape (Seyfarth, Cheney & Fischer, 2010). Apart from humankind having the unique ability to understand or identify with the needs most animals, listening to their sounds is one of the key ways of understanding such needs (Rothenberg, 2013). This can also be viewed from the perspective that humans know relatively little on other creatures’ sensory world but, apart from visually, they can interact with them by listening to the sounds they make. Most of the sounds and the vocalizations animals produce are specialised for communication with other animals belonging to the same species. In mammals, sound is produced in the vocal chords (larynx) while birds use a special organ known as the syrinx to produce their songs.

Contemporary Design trend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contemporary Design trend - Essay Example This building is part of a 2km development initiative of the Dubai central business district (Galindo, 23). It is always referred to as the Downtown Dubai, and it is found along the Sheikh Zayed Road. The architectural drawings and designs of this building were performed by Adrian Smith, as the lead architect, Bill Baker as the lead structural engineer, Skidmore, and Owings and Merrill. The main contractor of this building was Samsung Company, through its department of construction and technology. Samsung is a South Korean company that has interests in the construction and the electronics industry. The design of Burj Khalifa was meant to be a centerpiece for a variety of uses, which includes residential homes, offices, hospitals, shopping malls. Its design was able to carter for an approximate number of 30,000 homes, and nine international hotel chains. This building has an approximate number of 7.4 acres of parkland lands, and 19 residential towers. It has a very big mall that carte r for the shopping needs of its residents, and 30 acres of manmade lake. This lake is referred to as the Burji Khalifa Lake. Courtesy of this building, it is possible to denote that the honor of having the tallest structure in the globe has returned to the Middle East. ... This in turn will promote tourism and thus the development of the Dubai economy. Currently, the building stands at around 823 meters. However, this is not the original height as per according to the initial designs and architectural drawings. The building was to stand at about 560 meters. However, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill re-designed the building in 2006, at placed it at a height of around 808 meters. Smith, who was the design architect, felt that this height made it impossible for the upper most section of the Burj Khalifa building to elegantly culminate with the rest of the structure. On this basis, he sought permission to increase the structure of this building to 823 meters. However, it is important to denote that these changes in height did not encompass a change in the addition of the buildings floors. On this basis, the intention of Smith was to make the building a little bit slender and thin. It is also important to denote that this building experienced a lot of challenge s, and one of the challenges were delays in its construction and development. For example in 2008, the contractors of this building denoted that its construction was delayed because of the upgraded finishes. On this basis, the building will be completed in the periods of September 2009. According to Emaar properties, part of the owners of the building denoted that the original plan was to install luxurious finishes within the building. This was contained in the 2004 architectural design and drawings of the building. However, in 2008, the designers of the building decided to upgrade these finishes, and that was the reasons for the delay in completion of the project.

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Philosophy - Essay Example Since his early age, Descartes had begun to doubt every traditional fact, he had ever known or learned. His doubts even reached his own existence in the world. So, in his Discourse on Method Meditations and Principles, Descartes explains and elaborates the principles of his philosophy that depend on skepticism and uncertainty. Then, he started to rebuild his knowledge, as well as ours, by proving his own existence, and the existence of mind, soul, and God. As noticed by many thinkers, â€Å"the Method of Doubt ultimately involves the task of removing all uncertain beliefs, ensuring that only beliefs that are certainly true beliefs remain in one's philosophy† (Bellotti). In order to take us from the state of complete doubt to complete certainty, Descartes made an insightful connection between his method of doubt and his method of inquiry, resorting to the use of the scientific method of thinking, advocated by former thinkers and philosophers. In essence, the scientific method c an be considered as a process, in which one corrects himself and his previous knowledge, through continuous examination of truth, for the final aim of finding answers to questions. This examination of truth is what is referred to as doubt and skepticism by Descartes (Bracken). Theoretically, the scientific method of thinking, as practiced by famous thinkers such as Galileo and Francis Bacon, takes two main forms: deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Building on the theories of great former thinkers, Descartes found that the deductive method best suited his philosophical principles. To illustrate, the deductive form of the scientific method arrives at a provable true conclusion by reasoning after the application of thoughtful experiments and sound logic. The inductive method, on the other hand, starts with observations, which create a hypothesis to be proved through a confirmation process. This form of the scientific method can be evidenced, for example, in Newton’s la w of gravity. He arrived at this law after observing the fall of the apple from the tree. This observation led him to make a hypothesis about a hidden force that let the apple fall, leading him to arrive at the law of gravity. On the contrary, the deductive form of the scientific method does not start with a hypothesis; rather, it looks at the already existent facts and examines them through reasoning to derive conclusion about the accuracy and authenticity of the fact. So, this was exactly what Descartes wanted to implement, regarding his philosophy of doubt. For him, any known fact can be doubted till it is logically proved to be true through reasoning (Roach). Descartes derived this trust in the concept of logic and reasoning from his background as a mathematician. He clearly states this fact, when he says that he was delighted â€Å"with mathematics because of the certainty of its demonstrations and the evidence of its reasoning† (Beardsley, p. 9). Making use of his mathe matical background, Descartes then tended to apply logic and reasoning to all his future philosophical principles. Implementing the deductive form of the scientific method, Descartes goes on in his meditations to experience an intellectual journey, in which he doubts every single fact in our world. As noted by many observers, â€Å"Descartes begins his method of doubt by considering that he has, in the past, been deceived by his senses – things have looked a way that they are not† (Lacewing). As a result, this scientific method

Was it right or wrong to use two atomic bombs on Japanese cities in Research Paper

Was it right or wrong to use two atomic bombs on Japanese cities in 1945 Why - Research Paper Example Deliberately attacking a civilian population is not considered morally acceptable regardless of any real or perceived outcomes. This view was and remains popularly held by both American civilians and the military; this reasoning was not employed in this case, but why? Was it the passions of wartime, a justifiable act in this one instance or was the bombing wrong under any circumstance? By summer of 1945, the Japanese were in dire straits, militarily and economically. The U.S. had won great victories at Okinawa and Iwo Jima, killed hundreds of thousands of Japanese soldiers and had a full naval blockade of Japan’s mainland. Shortages of oil and food supplies had all but brought the Japanese empire to it knees but its military showed no plans of quitting. In each battle, its soldiers fought ferociously to the last man in a victory or death mentality and suicide (kamikaze) missions were common. This led the American leaders to believe that an entire takeover of the Japanese island was necessary for final victory. To that end, the U.S. had planned for a massive invasion force to land on the shore of Japan in November of 1945 which was estimated to cost over a hundred thousand American lives and many more Japanese. The U.S. was well aware of the fanaticism displayed by the Japanese; therefore, military leaders were not anxious to encounter an entire population o f a country that possessed this mentality and were militarized as well. The avoidance of this ensuing confrontation and the war weariness of the American public are the common justifications for dropping the bombs. It was and is argued that the atomic bombs ultimately saved many American and Japanese lives. â€Å"It was the destruction of Hiroshima that finally brought Emperor Hirohito to confront the Japanese military and order the surrender of Japan† 1 The Japanese had amassed nine divisions; 600,000 heavily equipped forces in southern Japan prior to the bombing of Hiroshima.

Adults and Children Essay Example for Free

Adults and Children Essay A gated community is a type of residential community that upholds privacy and exclusivity. Residential houses within gated communities are bounded within limited proximities that are bordered by walls, gates, fences, and such. Access or entrance to gated communities is highly restricted not only for pedestrians, but also to various types of transportation as well. Within gated communities, residents are provided with services or amenities that are exclusive only to them. Sometimes, gated communities adapt the concept of larger communities by providing services and amenities that will allow residents to enjoy a comfortable home and lifestyle within the bounds of the area. Large-scale and highly private or exclusive gated communities even provide small to medium sized shopping centers, recreational facilities, food and dining centers, and such that enables residents within it to enjoy daily living tasks and activities comfortable within its proximities. (Blandy Lister, 287) The purpose of establishing gated communities is to provide the community with safe and secure housing opportunities for individuals allowing them to experience a peaceful and relaxed home environment. Security systems established within gated communities for limit access from non-residents ensure individuals that the area is sheltered and guarded from criminal activities. (McGoey) Another objective for the establishment of the concept of gated communities is to allow residents to control or manage the community or environment they live in by granting them the power or authority to supervise roles or activities within it. Gated communities are guarded by appointed security officers, but it is usually managed by a Homeowner’s Association – a group or organization which handles everything that has something to do with living within the gated community. The owners of the properties within the gated community gather and elect leaders who will be in charge of overseeing all needs, problems, concerns, and other issues that might require urgent attention and resolutions. In addition, gated communities also serve as housing facilities that promises to provide residents with the best quality of life by offering unlimited access to fun, entertainment, and privacy. For instance, some large-scale gated communities have golfing areas that are accessible only to residents. Residents are allowed to play within the golfing areas without any limitations. (â€Å"Explore Gated Communities! †) Due to the benefits and advantages of living in gated communities, some discussed previously, it has become a major trend in modern housing. (â€Å"Explore Gated Communities! †) However, although the positive attributes or aspects of gated communities have been discussed, there seems to be some issues raised on its influence or effect to the behavior and lifestyle of adults and children who live within and outside the community. Adults and children who live in and outside gated communities acquire both positive and negative qualities and perspectives from the context or dimensions of walled housing arrangements. The effects of living within gated communities vary from emotional and psychological, to moral and social influences. The remainder of this paper will discuss how the behavior and lifestyle of adults are influenced by the structure of gated communities. In terms of the relationship between adults and children, living within gated communities allows parents and older members of families to feel at ease with the whereabouts of their children within the community. The focus of gated communities on providing safe and secure home environments ensure parents that their children are safe without their close supervision as long as they stay within the confines of the gated community. (Le Goix, 2003) This helps them to focus on other urgent things or concerns as they feel no worries or stress regarding the safety of their children. On the other hand, parents who live outside gated communities feel the worry and stress due to the relocation or concentration of criminal activities outside the walls of gated communities. Since the difference between gated communities and the public is most observable in terms of safety and security measures, the distinction between these two kinds of communities gives way to the unequal division or distribution of criminal activities within the entire community. Criminal activities will converge on areas neighboring non-gated communities. (â€Å"Diagonal Mar – A Gated Community,†) This concern allows parents to feel worried or stressed about the safety of their children leaving them deeply involved with ensuring that they keep them protected at all times.

Christian Iconography Essay Example for Free

Christian Iconography Essay 1. Compare and Contrast: Hosios Loukas, Greece (before 1048) v. San Marco, Venice, Italy (building consecrated 1073; mosaics 12th c.) and the Cappella Palatina, Palermo, Sicily (1142/3) Typical Byzantine churches, like all architectural forms, employ relatively standard layouts and similar mosaic programs. Hosios Loukas, preceding both San Marco and Cappella Palatina, is an example of adherence to Byzantine conventions of visual programs and spatial planning. However, the churches of San Marco and Cappella Palatina are departures from such convention. Experiencing greater influence from the West, the churches of San Marco and Cappella Palatina, in their architectural forms and decoration, at once show their Byzantine roots and strides toward westernization. Hosios Loukas, though appearing irregular in its floor plan, is actually two adjoining churches. Built on the space that marks the site of Saint Lucas’ death, the church is an excellent example of Byzantine planning and decoration. With a large central dome, the church can be divided into three main parts: the sanctuary, which is east of the dome; the naos, which is the central portion; and the narthex, or entry porch. Possessing a cross-like plan, the church is for the most part centrally planned. In the narthex, the typical mosaics of the Pantokrator, the Crucifixion and the Anastasis are employed. The apse mosaic, which is at the far end of the sanctuary, depicts the image of Theotokos sitting on a throne with the Christ Child; above the alter and the apse mosaic rests the mosaic of the Pentecost in the domical vault. In the central dome, which houses the Pantokrator, the circle converts to the square through an octagonal form, a feature shared by Cappella Palatina. The squinches created by the octagon depict scenes from Christ’s life. Furthermore, the likenesses of saints decorate the church. Most importantly however, the decoration of the church contains little extraneous detail. San Marco, however, exists as a transition from the traditional Byzantine format to more westernized looks. Still displaying a cruciform floor plan, the basilical form is integrated into the church. The four lateral domes and one central dome imply this focus on symmetry and centrality, while still allowing for the western influence. The naos is elongated, to create greater linearity and the cross arm of the cross-square is actually a transept. Though exhibiting much of the same scenes, those of San Marco have a particularly greater focus on narrative. One can observe such effects in the Anastasis scenes of both churches. In the Anastasis of Hosios Loukas, only five figures appear: Christ, David, Solomon and Adam and Eve; the five figures possess enough detail to identify them and the scene. In the San Marco example, eleven figures are present. The crowded quality enhances the narrative, allowing them to be read as more of a story and less as a symbolic image representing an event. Similarly, the crucifixion scene of Hosios Loukas and San Marco are respectively simplified and elaborate. Cappella Palatina, built by Roger II a Norman, focuses even greater narrative. The church also further employs the basilical form, while displaying forms from all the cultures that influenced it. Baring less architectural resemblance to the Byzantine church, Cappella Palatina’s mosaics, though depicting much of the same scenes as Hosios Loukas and San Marco, are composed in a rather haphazard way. For example, the nativity, which is usually streamlined to the most integral parts, shows multiple scenes in the same mosaic. In fact, some figures, such as the magi, appear more than once. This technique, allows the viewer to trace out the story of the birth of Christ. The eastern apse looks like a traditional Byzantine church, with a Pantokrator and seated Virgin. However to the west, the basilical nave shows the Western Christian influence. Its use of Old Testament imagery references Western precedents—from Genesis to Jacob wrestling the angel. Similarly, while the walls depict the same scenes as Byzantine churches, their format is different. Its use of registers is unseen in Byzantine counterparts. Also, the multiple Pantokrators that appear in the church, while a Byzantine form, are used in a uniquely un-Byzantine way. Lastly, the church ceiling, which is decorated with muqarnas, shows the Islamic influence. The basilical influence in San Marco and Cappella Palatina is unmistakable. Much of the imagery and its hierarchical placement—with the holiest at the top and most earthly at the bottom—is drawn from Byzantine churches. However, the use of Old Testament scenes and the greater focus on narrative are symptoms of the western influence. San Marco and Cappella Palatina are consequences of the time and place. They are at once Churches of the West and parts of an imperial history and religious tradition from the East. As a result, their appearance reflects the Byzantine influence, in its similarities to Hosios Loukas, and their Ravennic and Roman precedents. 2. Compare and Contrast: Pilgrim eulogia ampulla, Crucifixion and Women at the Tomb, pewter, 6th-7th c. v. The Limburg Staurotheca, 968-985 Though created centuries apart and strikingly different in size and style, the pilgrim eulogia ampulla and the Limburg Staurotheca are similar in many ways. Both are vessels of holy materials and depict Christ and various religious figures. However the ampula represents the more egalitarian form of relic collecting. The Limburg Staurotheca, on the other hand, in its materials and relics is one of the most elite forms of collectorship. Both the Pilgrimage ampulla and the Limburg Staurotheca are composed out of metals. The ampula is made out of pewter, a metal that was readily available at the time and not costly. The Limburg Staurotheca, on the other hand, is made out of gold gilt medal, enamels and gems. The difference in materials is indicative of their intended patrons. The ampulla, which predates the Staurotheca, was created for pilgrims that visited the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The latter, however, was commissioned by an imperial official and was intended to be viewed by elites. Additionally, both possess the ability to be hung. While the ampulla often hung around the neck of a pilgrim, the Staurotheca, which has a hoop at the top, could have been hung in a devotional space or carried during processions. The function—to hold holy objects—also differs due to its intended viewers. Ampullae such as this were often used to hold holy liquids or soil. However, due to the inscription and its iconographic reference to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the True Cross, this pilgrimage ampulla was used to hold the oil from the True Cross. Therefore, in a sense, both of these vessels hold parts of the same relic. However, the portability and reproducibility of the oil, made it better equipped for pilgrim patrons. The Staurotheca, contrastingly, holds seven splinters of the true cross. Arranged in such a way to show the historical form of the true cross, the slivers are held in place by jewels and gold framing. Additionally, the Staurotheca also was a reliquary for various other relics, such as Christ’s purple robe, the hair of John the Baptist, etc. Housed behind the ten different panels with inscriptions describing that which is behind them, the Staurotheca is an interactive reliquary. The viewer is able to open the panels and see the relics. The iconography of the vessels also differs. The ampulla depicts two scenes. The first is the Adoration of Cross. The meaning of the iconography is twofold. It looks like the scene of the Crucifixion, with the other two crucified flanking Christ and with worshipers in attendance. However, the more pertinent interpretation of the imagery, as it relates more directly to the vessel, is the pilgrims visiting and worshiping the True Cross. On the back of the ampulla, the Women at the Tomb is depicted. It also has two significances; it can be read as the Mary’s visiting the tomb of Christ and pilgrim women visiting the tomb of Christ erected within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The iconography, therefore, draws parallels between the events of Christ’s life and the activities of pilgrims. The Staurotheca, on the other hand, is rich in detail yet does not contain any narrative. On the front of the reliquary is Christ enthroned, with Theotokos, John the Baptist and arch angels flanking him. Above and below are three pairs each of the apostles. Surrounding the nine conjoined panels, are portrait busts of saints. Upon opening the lid, the viewer is confronted with the slivers of the True Cross described above. Depictions of angels adorn the interior as well, and flank the inscribed panels behind which rest other important relics. Rather than expressly depict the relics that were encased, the reliquary simply depicted the True Cross and the portraits of angel, all of which were considered to be the image of God himself. Therefore, the ampulla and the Staurotheca differ in their iconography, their function and their materials. All results of the intended viewers and collectors, both the ampulla and Staurotheca represent the Byzantine desire to obtain primary and secondary relics. Representing the power of Christ and God, these vessels’ contents gave their owners assurance of success and salvation. 3. Essay Question Related Directly to Readings: The issue of images in Byzantine art The lineage and use of images in Byzantine art is perhaps on of the more interesting and complicated aspects of Christian iconography. The Christian imagery in Byzantine art, as noted in Heaven on Earth, became intertwined with imperial icons and ceremony. The course of Iconoclasm, however, remains the most controversial historical discourse about Christian images and their appropriate role. The Iconoclasts believed that images were inappropriate in worship and were similar to the worship of idols, which breaks one of the commandments. Iconophiles, on the other hand, venerated images and opposed the Iconoclasts in the destruction of images. Given the volatile opposition of the two, understanding the Christian image in Byzantine art allows one to understand their forms of worship and relation to the holy. Firstly, it should be noted imperial and religious tradition often created a relationship between Christ and the Emperor. Occurring fairly early in the history of Byzantium, the Emperor Justinian was likened to Christ in the apse mosaic in S. Vitale. Adorned with a halo, Justinian stands in the center among twelve soldiers and religious officials. Although, as Treadgold et al. noted in Procopius and the Imperial Panels of S. Vitale, though the artist had not intended on creating the twelve apostles symbolism, as the feet show that some of the heads were added as an after thought, the resulting effect is the same for the contemporaneous viewer. The emperor, the most powerful and godly of men, is likened to Christ. Such an occurrence, while prevalent throughout cultures and history, undoubtedly watered down the holy significance of Christ images in the realm of worship. However, as noted above, the Iconoclast controversy, which lasted from 726 to 843 AD, is most illustrative of the Byzantine treatment of images. Affecting artistic production during the controversy and in its wake, the debate centered on t he appropriateness of images in the Christian context. Iconoclasts, or â€Å"image breakers,† believed that their fellow Christians had become idolaters. Images, perhaps believed to be a source of power by laymen, the Iconoclasts contended, must be restrained. Militaristic failures reaffirmed Iconoclastic believes that they had sinned and incurred the wrath of God. In the Church of Saint Sophia, for example, depictions of saints were replaced by the cross. Similarly, St. Irene sports a cross instead of a human likeness. (The example of the Church of the Dormition in Nicaea seems to show that the Virgin and Child mosaic replaced the Cross, post-Iconoclasm.) Therefore, the Iconoclasts effectively replaced images with the Cross. Contrastingly, the Iconophiles, or â€Å"image lovers,† argued for the preservation and continuation of images, given their long history. As discussed in the Abgar of Edessa identification, the likeness of Christ was venerated in biblical times. Being an ancient tradition, that Christ himself allowed/encouraged, images should be respected. Furthermore, as mentioned in Mango, the Iconophiles argued that God created man in his likeness, and specifically incarnated himself in the human form of Christ, and therefore allows for representation in the human form. Though they were temporarily victorious between bouts of Iconoclasm, the Iconophiles were ultimately successful in securing the role of images in Christianity. After the ideological defeat of the Iconoclasts, the Iconophiles restored much of the Christian imagery that had been washed away. St. Sophia, having had images removed by the iconoclasts, exists as a testament to the great controversy. The St. Sophia apse mosaic is an excellent example of post-iconoclast image restoration. A mosaic of Theotokos and Child was erected with an inscription condemning the Iconoclasts; the inscription is known to refer to them as imposters. Similarly, written and illustrated texts, such as the Khludov Psalter, describe the heresy of the Iconoclasts. It likens them to the Jews. As the Jews killed Christ, the Iconoclasts washed away and killed his image. Furthermore, much of the margin illustrations depict figures holding a medallion image of Christ, as a testament to the devotion to images. The Iconophiles believed that icons and images of the holy and saintly sanctified churches and practiced such post-iconoclasm. Post-iconoclasm, much of the ravages were rectified and restored. Beautifully decorous images adorned churches and texts in the wake of the controversy. The Psalter of Paris, for example, rather naturalistically depicts David composing the Psalms. Personifying the location and muses, the image gives the layman the opportunity to pictographically read the origin of the Psalms. Ultimately, the images not only teach through visuals, but inspire awe. The illuminating mosaics of churches produced miraculous, luminary effects that created a greater sense of the sacred. Consequently, the use of images in Byzantine art is an issue of great complexity. Once deriving influence from the iconography of pagan religions, the Iconoclasm controversy returned to the Christian-pagan associations. The Iconoclasts believed that the worship of images was like that of idols by the pagans. In an attempt to remain in the right with God, they sought to rid Christianity of its idolatrous icons. Though, in accordance with sanctity, egalitarianism and tradition the debate was won by the image lovers, restoring the place of Christian icons.

A marketing analysis of Haleeb Foods

A marketing analysis of Haleeb Foods Haleeb Foods was established in 1986 and its first product was Haleeb milk. Since then, it has continued to provide quality products to its consumers with product and packaging innovations. Haleeb Foods is Pakistans number 1 and fastest growing packaged Food Company. In 2006, its annual turnover was Rs.9 Billion. Haleeb Foods has built an excellent reputation over the years. Haleeb Foods continues to be at the forefront of product and packaging innovation. By the grace of God, it has achieved market leadership in several food categories with a very strong portfolio consisting of leading national and international brands , Candia, Dairy Queen, Tea Max, , Tropico and Good Day. Apart from its extensive nationwide distribution networks, Haleeb Foods is also serving several export markets including South Korea, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and the Central Asian states and now going to introduce flavoured milk in united kingdom. 2-Vision Statement: Most Innovative and fastest growing food company offering flavoured milk product enjoyed in United Kingdom every home every day 2.1-Mission Statement: Our mission is to be the consumers first choice for products of outstanding quality and great service at a competitive cost through working faster, simpler and together. Build Branded food business to improve quality of life by offering tasty affordable and highly nutritional products to our consumers while maximizing stake holders value 3-Market Analysis Marketing analyses is very important for the new product because it will help us to know about our customers and competitors and we also conduct a research for the new product . first we will conduct primary research for our new product development and then try to know about our competitors. 3.1-Primary Research Primary research is one of the best tool for the success of the product. because in primary research we collect the data directly from the people and for this purpose we go for both qualitative and quantitative research. 3.2-Qualitative Data Following things can be included for qualitative research Interviews Observation Analysis 3.2.1-Interviews: Interviews are one on one or small group question and answer sessions. Interviews will provide a lot of information from a small number of people and are useful when you want to get an expert or knowledgeable opinion on a subject. we did interviews of different stakeholders, they are happy to this new product because we are launching in more than ten flavours. People are supporting this new product due to different flavours, they want change. 3.2.2-Observations: Observations involve taking organized notes about occurrences in the world. Observations provide you insight about specific people, events and are useful when you want to learn more about an event without the based viewpoint of an interview. According to our observation most people use flavoured milk, mostly child take a tin in their hand while going to school for breakfast. 3.2.3-Analysis: Analysis involves after collecting data and organizing it in some specific criteria you develop. They are useful when you want to find some trend or pattern. A type of analysis would be to record commercials on three major television networks and analyze gender roles 3.3-Quantitative Data Quantitative data has a very important for the primary research and it includes surveys and questionnaire. 3.3.1-Surveys: Surveys are a form of questioning that is more rigid than interviews and that involve larger groups of people. Surveys will provide a limited amount of information from a large group of people and are useful when you want to learn what a larger population thinks. In order to learn weather people would like to buy or use our product, we have decided to conduct a market survey. First of all we have designed a survey form that shows people ideas. Our organisation conduct a survey by questionnaire 3.3.2-Questionnaire Please tick on the appropriate and write a few short sentences where descriptive answer is required. 1-Do you like flavored milk? Yes No 2-Which milk do you use? Yazoo Frijj 3-What do you consider before buying a product Price Brand name -Labeling 4-In which age you lie? Middle age young age old age 5-How much is your monthly income 600 800 1000 6-Are you conscious about quality? Yes NO 7-Which flavoured do u like most? Strawberry banana chocolate 8-Which brand do u prefer most? Yazoo FRIJJ 9-Do you think that its flavour is nice? Yes No 10-Is it available in your local market easily ? Yes No 11-What do you think when buy? Low price Quality Thanking you for sharing such valuable ideas, your time and cooperation 3.4-Existing Competitors 3.4.1-Competitors Analysis Competitor analysis in marketing and strategic management is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential competitors. This analysis provides both an offensive and defensive strategic context through which to identify opportunities and threats. Following are the main competitors 1- Yazoo 2- Frijj 3.4.2-Yazoos History Yazoo is a bottled flavoured milk or milkshake produced by Campina and is sold in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It comes in three flavours Banana, Chocolate, Strawberry. Campina Yazoo is the market leading bottled milkshake in the UK with over 80 million bottles sold each year. Introduced in 1989 as a flavoured milk drink for young children, the brand has grown consistently and now is drunk by kids (and grow ups) of all ages. Strength 1- Strong brand name 2-They have strong supply chain 3-Their financial position is very strong due to high volume of sales 4-They have many loyal customers 5-pricing Weakness Due to high volume of production sometime by mistake faulty products are sent into market 1-less flavour 3.4.3-Frijj History Frijj is a brand of milkshake sold mainly in the United Kingdom. Produced by Dairy Crest, it was first launched in 1993. Frijj is sold in four permanent flavours: strawberry, chocolate, banana and Chocolate Fudge Brownie. There have also been numerous limited edition flavours, some of which have featured characters. Strengths 1-Frijj has strong dealer network 2-Strategic alliances 3-Research and development investment Weaknesses 1-Less market share 4- 4ps For Flavoured Milk 4.1-Product Now Haleeb Foods Ltd is launching a new product in the United Kingdom market named as Flavoured Milk which will be available in different flavours in the market like as strawberry, banana, mango, chocolate, oat, apricot, mixed flavour and etc. 4.2-Price Pricing is one of the most important elements of the marketing mix, as it is the only mix, which generates a turnover for the organisation. Pricing is difficult and must reflect supply and demand relationship. Pricing a product too high or too low could mean a loss of sales for the organisation. We are offering competitive introductory price which is mentioned below Flavored milk introductory Price Sizes Prices ( £) Flavoured milk 3L 1.49 Flavoured milk 1L 60 p Flavoured milk 500ML 35 p Flavoured milk 250 ML (6 bottle pack) 1.00 4.3-Place It will be available in all supermarket and shopping plaza and all local area shops. We have decided to place the product in all the major and minor markets as well as in the canteens of colleges and universities. We have decided to acquire the services of large and organized distribution in different areas of UK. 4.4-Promotion We have planned a very wide range of promotion strategy that covers almost every part of the society. We have supported our promotional strategy with the use of electronic media, print media, internet and other sources and also with the help of some schemes such as lucky draws. Our promotion strategy in detail is as Television channels Newspapers Magazines Pamphlets Banners Sign boards Prize scheme Internet 4.5-Conclusion Of Marketing Environment By the intensive study of the entire market in its whole perspective it came to know that the overall environment is not much in favour of new firms. Because of semi-democratic ruling and the presence of well established competitors holding major part of the market, but we have a great edge we are introducing more flavoured as compared to our competitor. it seems supportive for a new product to make its place in the market. 4.6-Purpose The purpose of launching the Flavoured milk is to give a new taste to the people who are drinking almost every milk available in the market. We want to provide different flavours to the people so that they become refresh and healthy. 4.7-Features Following are some of the features of our product: 1-flavoured milk is good for health 2-Provides calcium 3-Provides vitamins 4-Beneficial for bones 5-Excellent in taste 6-Gives freshness 4.8-Targeting We will target the following customers: 1-Young generation 2-Boys and girls and people of every age 3-Belongs to upper and lower class 4-Student of colleges and universities 5-Wants a new and refreshing taste 4.9-Positioning We have to position our product in the minds of the customers and consequently in the market with the help of our effective and customer oriented market strategies. 4.10-Competitors strategy Our competitors have a good market share because they are adapting following strategies: 1-Less prices 2-Effective promotion 3-Intensive distribution 4-Quality products 5-Customers research 6-Attractive packaging Task 2 5-Cost Benefits analysis of Haleeb Flavoured Milk for four years 5.1-Material, Equipments and Labour cost. Yearly Cash Flow 1st Year 2011 2nd Year 2012 3rd Year 2013 4th Year 2014 Cash Outflow IT Expanses Computers and Servers 10,000 500 0 0 Website Development 0 0 0 0 Maintenance 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 Hosting 300 300 300 300 Licensing 900 900 900 900 Communication System for vehicles 1000 200 0 0 Total 13400 3100 2400 2400 Research Development Online Development 75,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 Risk Analysis 40,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 Total 1,25,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 Marketing Usual Marketing 60,000 55,000 55,000 50,000 E Marketing 45,000 45,000 55,000 45,000 `Total 1,05,000 1,00,000 1,10,000 90,000 Administration cost Machinery in warehouse 15,000 5,000 0 0 Rent 8,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 Internet 250 250 250 250 Phone 120 120 120 120 Salaries 80,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 Insurance 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 Vehicle and Maintenance 8,000 12,000 0 0 Inventory 60,000 69,000 75,000 80,000 Total 1,92,370 1,27,570 128,770 126,170 Total Cash Outflow( £) 4,35,770 3,10,670 3,21,170 2,98,570 Cash Inflow Sales Revenue 2,00,000 2,50,000 3,25,000 4,00,000 Other Revenue 50,000 70,000 1,01,000 1,25,000 Total Cash Inflow( £) 2,50,000 3,20,000 4,26,000 5,00,000 Net Cash Flow( £) (1,85,770) 9,330 1,04,830 2,01,430 Note: All figures are based on prediction. 5.2-Staff Training And Development Skills Audit and Development Planning Sample Sheets Operation/Process Description Skills Set Required Staff Fully Competent Some Skills Evident need Development Skills require Development IT Training skills Computer skilled staff NO YES Using Software (SAP) Collection from port to warehouse Staff training for keep it specific temperature carefully NO YES Tagging and keeping On time delivery Training For Drivers to deliver it on time No YES Familiar with exact place Packaging training Train the staff for Packaging(How to hold them) NO YES Basic Training for Checking material of Packaging 5.3-Option Construction Stage and Option Appraisal Stage Skills to be Developed Training/Development Options Option Appraisal Decision Latest softwares Proper knowledge of using Software and training Appraisal system Must be good learner Different for each costumers Proper Training related to job Appraisal system Proper training session required Task 3 6-Executive Summary This project is about new product development by Haleeb Foods Ltd. Haleeb Foods has the distinction of being the first company in Pakistan to use Tetra Paks novel packaging formats, Haleeb Foods has also introduced a number of unique products previously unknown to the Pakistani market, like Haleeb Labban, delicious traditional lassi (buttermilk) prepared with pure thick milk and yogurt, Candia Tea Max, Candia milk, packed in distinctive food grade plastic bottle, and Haleeb Good Day, 100% pure and natural fruit juice, free of added sugar, artificial flavours and preservatives. Now Haleeb Foods Ltd has developed a new product that is milk in different flavours and going to introduce in united kingdom market.For this purpose first we have conducted the SWOT analysis of company to see the companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Then we have explained the purposes, benefits and objectives of our products. Secondly we have made a marketing mix strategy for our product. We have divided market into different segments and decided to target young students of school, colleges and universities and people of every age. We have also paid special attention to the packaging, colour and price of the product. We have decided to place the product in all the markets of UK especially in the canteens of school, colleges and universities and every supermarket. We will promote our product through electronic media, leaflets, internet and other sources. We have also conducted a market survey to know the opinion of public about our product and developed our product accordingly. 7-Project Management project management skills are obviously important for project managers. Project management methods to be very useful in its planning and implementation. Even the smallest task can benefit from the use of a well chosen project management technique or tool, especially in the planning stage. projects can be various shapes and sizes, from the small and straight forward to extremely large and highly complex. In organizations and businesses, project management can be concerned with any area or function, for example: people staffing and management products and services materials manufacturing and production IT and communications Storage and distribution Finance administration purchasing Sales selling marketing human resources development and training customer service and relations quality health and safety legal and professional technical scientific research and development new business development anything else which needs planning and managing within organizations. Project management techniques are not just for project managers . they are available for anyone to use. 7-project management and implementation process 1.Agree precise specification for the project 2.Plan the project 3.Communicate the project plan to your project team 4.Agree and delegate project actions. 5.Manage and motivate the project team. 6. monitor review project progress 7.1-Agree precise specification for the project The project specification should be an accurate description of what the project aims to achieve, and the criteria and flexibilities involved its parameters, scope range, outputs, sources, budgets and timescales. Project terms also provide an essential discipline and framework to keep the project on track, and concerned with the original agreed aims which are given below. 1-Describe your purpose and aims . 2-State parameters for project (budgets, range, scope, time scale). 3-involve the people in meetings and decision making process. 4-Establish break points at which to review and check progress, and how progress and results will be measured. 7.2-Plan The Project Plan the various stages and activities of the project. Where necessary involve your team in the planning. It is useful to identifying all the things that need to be put in place and done, in reverse order. From the beginnings of the project use brainstorming ideas to help gather points and issues and to explore innovations and ideas 7.3-Project Times Scales and costs Most projects come in late thats why we planned a time scale and cost. If you have been given a fixed deadline, plan to meet it earlier, and work back from that earlier date. Projects which slip back and are delivered late, or which run over budget or fail to meet other financial requirements often cause significant problems. Exercising a little realism at the outset of a project regarding financials and timescales can save an enormous amount of trouble later. We are going to launch this project by the end of December 2011. 7.4-The project team important part of the planning stage is picking your team. Take great care especially if you have team members imposed on you by the project brief. Selecting and gaining commitment from the best team members whether directly employed, contractors and suppliers, consultants or other partners is crucial to the quality of the project. Project management on a tight budget can be a lonely business get some help from good people you can trust whatever the budget. 7.5-Project Management Tools There are different management tools for this project but Haleeb milk is going to use the brain storming tool. 7.5.1-Brainstorming For this project Haleeb food is going to use the brainstorming tool. Brainstorming is a popular tool that helps you generate creative solutions to a problem which can develop new ways of looking at things. It also helps you overcome many of the issues that can make group problem solving a sterile and unsatisfactory process. Used with your team. 7.5.2-Gantt Charts ACTIVITIES WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 Executive summary Xxxxx Name of Focus Organisation xxxxx Description of Focus Organisation x xxxxx Organisational Factor xxxxx xxxxx environmental factor xxxxx xxxxx PEST Analysis xxxxx Change xxxxx xxxxx SWOT Analysis xxxxx cost benefit analysis XXXX potential cost associated with that change XXXX Team Briefing Process Training Staff XXXX How and when change will be Implemented XXXXX XXXXX conclusion xxxxx 7.5.3-Project Financial Planning And Reporting For projects you will probably need a spreadsheet to plan and report planned and actual expenditure of project .Large projects are likely to require some sort of require dedicated accounting software to manage the financial planning and software. It is a key function of project management. Create a cost line for main expenditure activity. Create a system for allocating incoming invoices to the correct activities. 7.5.4-Project Contingency Planning Since projects involve uncertainty and risk it is likely that you will need to develop contingency plans for key areas of risk. Basically this involves identifying risk scenarios which, have a significant impact on the ability of the institution to carry out its business and considering what options are available to you. Contingency plans are your alternative plans. They are there so that when a crisis occurs you can transfer almost instantaneously to an alternative plan. 7.6-Communicate The Project Plan To Your Team Communication is beneficial for project. it tells people what is happening and you get essential support, agreement and commitment. in project you should involve the team in the planning process to get good result. Involvement and communication are vital for cooperation and support. 7.7-Agree And Delegate Project Actions We have to identified each activity including all relevant parameters, timescales, costs, and deliverables. Use the SMART acronym to help you delegate tasks properly. Use of proper delegation methods is vital for successful project management involving teams. So publish the full plan to all in the team and consider carefully how to delegate medium to long term tasks. 7.8-Manage,Motivate The Project Team Manage the team and activities in meetings, communicating, supporting, and helping with decisions. Arrange face to face and group meetings, when you can bring team members together, are generally the best way to avoid issues and relationships becoming personalised and emotional. 7.9-Monitor Review Project Progress Check the progress of activities against the plan. Review performance regularly and adjust the plan if necessary in light of performance, changing circumstances, and new information, but remain on track and within the original terms of reference. Plan team review meetings. Stick to the monitoring systems you established. 7.10-Planning To Import Importing goods and materials can be complex. First of all drawing up contracts with your overseas suppliers .when and how you will make payments for the materials, bearing in mind that the exchange rate might change after you have placed your order, transport arrangements, storage, documentation and insurance. 7.11-Managing transport We are going to import directly. Importing directly means that you have personal contact with the overseas suppliers. It is potentially more profitable but means that you are vulnerable to language problems, exchange rate fluctuations and the possibility of additional costs. 7.12-Legal Responsibilities As An Importer Check that the items you are planning to import are allowed in or whether they need an import licence. Consider whether you are liable, under the principles of product liability for any harm caused by the imported items. Pay any duty and VAT that apply under UK law. 8-Implementation plan 8.1-Vision and mission Vision is to improve the performance of the core units chain. Whilst doing so we will continue to explore and develop growth opportunities in other markets. Our mission is to be the consumers first choice for products of outstanding quality and great service at a competitive cost through working faster, simpler and together. 8.2-Objectives To innovate and provide leadership in delivering quality products at fair prices,  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To increase market share  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To increase profit  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To increase the length of product line  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To serve customers better  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To face strong competition 8.3-Environmental Analysis Organizational environment consist of all factors that in one way or another way affect or affected by the organization decision. Haleeb foods Organizational environment refers to the forces that can make an impact .Forces made up opportunities and threats. Organizations dose not exist in isolation. It works with the overall environment. these can be divided into two main parts as, Internal Environment and External Environment 8.4-Internal Environment Organizations internal environment refers to the elements within the organization. Internally an organization can be viewed as a resource conversion machine that takes inputs (labour, money, materials and equipment) from the external environment (the outside world), converts them into useful products, goods and services, and makes them available to customers as outputs. Employees or the working people are the main resources of an organization. In other hand these employees can make a big difference for an organization. If an organization has unskilled labours they may find a difficulty of getting things done. Organization benefited with skilled labour. It requires motivation and skills development to take the maximum performance of the labour. A manager is someone skilled in knowing how to analyze and improve the ability of an organization to survive and grow in a complex and changing world. This means that managers have a set of tools that enable them to grasp the complexity of the organizations environment. 8.5-External Environment It consists of all the outside institutions and forces that have an actual or potential interest or impact on the organizations ability to achieve its objectives for this we will do different analysis 1-Pest Analysis 2-Swot Analysis 3-Porters 5 Forces 8.5.1-PEST Analysis Political Factors Economic conditions are influenced by political and government policy, as you know the new government is making new policies in every field, it might be affect the business. At any one time either exported or imported goods can seem expensive or inexpensive, dependent upon currency exchange rates. There are many other ways, however, in which government decisions will affect organizations both directly and indirectly, as they provide both opportunities and threats for new business. Economic factors Economic condition are related to political and government policies .Due to instability in country ,inflation, unemployment ,no one company dont want to invest his money in the country .economy rate is going down and down every day. As a new milk company Haleeb foods will help the country to decrease unemployment by giving jobs to unemployed. Social factors the socio cultural environment summarizes the demand and taste . Many U.K citizens are practicing healthier lifestyles. This has affected the alcoholic beverage industry in that many are switching to diet colas and FLAVOURED MILK instead of beer and other alcoholic beverages. Also, time management has increased and is at approximately 43% of all households. The need for healthy products are in important in the average day-to-day life. Consumers from the ages of 37 to 55 are also increasingly concerned with nutrition. There is a large population of the age range known as the baby boomers. Since many are reaching an older age in life they are becoming more concerned with increasing their longevity. Technological factors The effectiveness of companys advertising, marketing and promotional programs. The new technology of internet and television which use special effects for advertising through media. They make some products look attractive. This helps in selling of the products. This advertising makes the product attractive. This technology is being used in media to sell their products. 8.5.2-SWOT Analysis Strengths: 1. Strong management system: 2. Effective internal communication system 3. Efficient use of resources 4. Employees empowerment 5. Diverse work force 6. Innovations 7-Taste,nutritious,hygienic,packaging Weaknesses: 1. Less market share 2. Limited knowledge of customers 3.

The Post-War Era Essay -- After WWII, 1945-1950

The Second World War concluded and the United States became the single most powerful nation in the western world. American history explains the participation of America in the international arena effectively, but when it comes to the domestic arena much is excluded. History has deprived new generations from being able to acknowledge the essential changes that took place within the United States during the Post-war era. The most common struggle during this time period was the return of American veterans to home ground. Millions of men returned to their hometowns and newly developed cities to settle down and create a family. However, these men were soldiers and pre-war students, but did not have a set place within the Post-war era society, therefore creating distress and struggle. Additionally, within the country’s boundaries over a hundred thousand Japanese-Americans were liberated from internment camps and prisons. These Japanese immigrants and descendants had been imprisoned for two years or more because of an anti-Japanese movement that took place during World War II. Generally, after the war the American society as a whole was in a shift to integrate itself to new demands, and this, as any other period of change is â€Å"interesting† (Goulden 6). In this time period of the post-war era we are able to see how identity for a new era is created. According to the Oxford American Dictionary, identity is the fact of who or what a person or something is. Thus, the identity of a person is relative to what a person finds himself able to do or be within the environment that surrounds him. Identity, which makes up a character of society, is the initial foundation to society as a whole. Since the individual is the principal foundation of so... ...that took place within the era, we would not have had a presidential election in which a women and an African-American battled for control of the American nation and its colossal power. Plainly, America rose like a phoenix from the ashes thanks to the post-war years. Works Cited Goulden, Joseph C. The Best Years 1945-1950. New York, NY: McCellan and Stewart Ld., 1976. Henthorn, Cynthia Lee. From Submarines to Suburbs: Selling a Better America, 1939- 1959. Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2006. Print. Hayden, Dolores. Redesigning the American Dream: The Future of Housing, Work, and Family life. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1984. Kaplan, Fred. 1959. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2009. Print. Okada, John. No-No Boy. New York: University of Washington, 1978. Yates, John. Revolutionary Road. New York, NY: Vintage Contemporaries, 1989.

Essay --

Rockets were first introduced in 1232 AD. Therefore, they have a very long and extensive history. At first, rockets were just used as weapons, but as early as 1806 they began being used for space travel. The first rockets that were made, were made in China. This was during the time that black powder was discovered. Several years later the largest rocket in the world was built which took 18 months to finish. Many of us don’t think of all the work that has been put into creating rockets. From the tiny weapons that were used to fight off enemies, to the 300 foot tall contraption that sends people to space, rockets have forever changed history and the way that space travel has developed. A rocket is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle that obtains thrust from a rocket engine. Rocket engine exhaust is formed entirely from propellants carried within the rocket before use. Rockets are powered by engines, and engines work by action and reaction. Pushing the rocket forward and then throwing the exhaust backwards causes the rocket to go into the air extremely fast. While comparatively inefficient for low speed use, rockets are relatively lightweight and powerful, capable of generating large accelerations and of attaining extremely high speeds with reasonable efficiency. Rockets are not reliant on the atmosphere and work very well in space. Unlike ordinary engines, rockets carry their own supply of oxygen to burn its fuel. As rockets have gotten bigger and bigger so have the engines. The largest rocket in the world which took 18 months to build was NASA’s Saturn V model. Werner von Braun designed this rocket. He developed a rocket that got the first grou p of men to the moon in July of 1969. The technology of rockets was first k... ... influenced by the Mongol invasions of the previous few centuries. Chemical rockets are the most common type of rocket and they typically create their exhaust by the combustion of rocket propellant. Chemical rockets store a large amount of energy in an easily released form, and can be very dangerous. However, careful design, testing, construction and use minimize risks. In space, there are better ways of propulsion. Many of them get much more mileage, but they are slower and require an electric power source. Once we start to industrialize space, we will surely assemble large "space trucks" in low Earth orbit to haul payloads around space much more efficiently, using something else besides chemical rocketry. However, for people, who need to be transported quickly, we can assume we will be using chemical rocketry in the first stage of large scale space development.

Advertising in America :: Essays Papers

Advertising in America Most Americans have excessive desire to gain wealth and marketers thrive on this. People dream of making lots of money quickly and without working very hard to get it. Another scenario of people wanting to gain wealth is getting something free. Marketers know that when they advertise getting something for free or getting money quickly, they will gain the consumers attention. When marketers advertise that there is an amount such as $85 million up for grabs people will easily invest their money no matter what the odds are. People love thinking about becoming a millionaire by spending as little as a dollar. An example of an advertisement that helps feed on the consumer willingness to spend money just for the chance to become a millionaire is the Power Ball commercial. The Power Ball advertisement ran on TV saying, â€Å"Add a buck power up,† is reinforcing the idea that playing the lottery gives back. How often does one hear the chances of winning the lottery in the advertisements for the lottery? The fact is that many Americans are brainwashed into believing that risking a dollar does usually give back in huge amounts. The odds of winning the Power Ball jackpot are 1 in 80,089,128 or .0000012% according to the Pennsylvania Lottery Web Site. Quite a few people spend hundreds of dollars on lottery tickets each year, not realizing how much money they are losing. They just keep spending their annual dollar a day and do not even think about the amount of money they have lost over the long period of time. People seem to especially get addicted with scratch off lottery tickets when they when win five, ten or twenty dollars. From my experience when the prize money is under twenty dollars involving scratch off lottery tickets they often spend it on buying more lottery tickets. Gambling with money is an addiction that is notacknowledged in America like smoking or drinking addictions.There is more money obsession in America besides the lottery, take peoplegetting their tax money back quicker. A new advertisement of H&R Block that has comeout recently is aimed toward tax-payers getting their tax refund back more quickly. The commercial shows a man pulling up to an H&R Block office in a minivan with a pregnant woman in labor. Screaming, the woman in labor ask furiously why he stopped at the H&R Block office, his response was that he needed to get some quick cash. Advertising in America :: Essays Papers Advertising in America Most Americans have excessive desire to gain wealth and marketers thrive on this. People dream of making lots of money quickly and without working very hard to get it. Another scenario of people wanting to gain wealth is getting something free. Marketers know that when they advertise getting something for free or getting money quickly, they will gain the consumers attention. When marketers advertise that there is an amount such as $85 million up for grabs people will easily invest their money no matter what the odds are. People love thinking about becoming a millionaire by spending as little as a dollar. An example of an advertisement that helps feed on the consumer willingness to spend money just for the chance to become a millionaire is the Power Ball commercial. The Power Ball advertisement ran on TV saying, â€Å"Add a buck power up,† is reinforcing the idea that playing the lottery gives back. How often does one hear the chances of winning the lottery in the advertisements for the lottery? The fact is that many Americans are brainwashed into believing that risking a dollar does usually give back in huge amounts. The odds of winning the Power Ball jackpot are 1 in 80,089,128 or .0000012% according to the Pennsylvania Lottery Web Site. Quite a few people spend hundreds of dollars on lottery tickets each year, not realizing how much money they are losing. They just keep spending their annual dollar a day and do not even think about the amount of money they have lost over the long period of time. People seem to especially get addicted with scratch off lottery tickets when they when win five, ten or twenty dollars. From my experience when the prize money is under twenty dollars involving scratch off lottery tickets they often spend it on buying more lottery tickets. Gambling with money is an addiction that is notacknowledged in America like smoking or drinking addictions.There is more money obsession in America besides the lottery, take peoplegetting their tax money back quicker. A new advertisement of H&R Block that has comeout recently is aimed toward tax-payers getting their tax refund back more quickly. The commercial shows a man pulling up to an H&R Block office in a minivan with a pregnant woman in labor. Screaming, the woman in labor ask furiously why he stopped at the H&R Block office, his response was that he needed to get some quick cash.

What Do You Expect? a Teacher’s High or Low Expectations Can Wield a Profound Influence on Students.

What do you expect? A teacher’s high or low expectations can wield a profound influence on students. What is the first thing that happens on the first day of school when your new students take their seats? Usually it’s the first impressions that come into your mind as you eye-up each student that walks into your classroom: â€Å"This girl looks happy to be in school, she must be really bright†. This boy is daydreaming already, he’s going to be difficult to deal with†. Or what about the teacher conversations that happen in the teachers’ lounge?For example, â€Å"her last year math teacher mentioned that she was a troublemaker†. It is in our human nature to make positive and negative judgements. Some factors that can influence how we see a child may include: A child’s appearance, socioeconomic status, language capacity, past performance, etc. What we as teachers don’t always realize, is that these early assumptions can often predict the future. Labeling our students is easy. The students we label â€Å"gifted† may succeed, while the students labeled â€Å"mischief† or â€Å"under-achiever† may not.Teacher Cadet EssayThe question is, how much influence do we as teachers have on these outcomes? Researchers Rosenthal and Jacobson wanted to answer this very question. In 1968 they launched a study known as, â€Å"Pygmalion in the Classroom†, that would have a huge impact in field of education. In the study, Rosenthal and Jacobson told teachers that they would be working with students targeted for their tremendous intellectual capacity. However, the reality was that these students were actually chosen randomly. The targeted students performed at a higher level than other students of equivalent ability.The study concluded that â€Å"the teachers’ high expectations significantly influenced student performance†. This further concluded that, setting high expectations for all students is a goal worth obtaining. The Pygmalion study helps us to understand, that by setting high expectations, teachers can play a huge role in determining student achievement. However, the study does not explain how these expectations, whether positive or negative, are expressed from one student to the next. A 1987 study conducted by Brophy and Good observed teacher-student interaction and concluded that teachers may unconsciously send messages to low achievers.Brophy and Good commented, â€Å"Low achievers often receive insincere praise, less feedback, and more criticism. In addition, these students tend to be called on less often and given less time to respond† (Gazin, 2004). So it seems that even the best-intentioned teachers may be sending subtle prompts with a message that says they don’t expect much from certain students. Students will easily pick up these cues, and respond accordingly. Instead of labeling our students, teachers can strive to build a cl assroom environment in which every child is important, challenged, and expected to succeed.Special education students are the primary victims of such labeling. We as teachers need to set high expectations from day one. Every student deserves to start the year with a clean slate. We need to send a message to each an every one of them that they are all important as individuals. Once students feel valued by simple things, such as eye contact, and perhaps a friendly greeting, they will be much more likely to live up to the high expectations set before them. We need to have a positive attitude about our students. Students can truly sense when a teacher believes in him or her.You can start the year by making it clear to them that, if they do the work that is required, they will certainly succeed. High expectations can be reinforced with rewards during the year. For example, a student who completes a consecutive number of homework assignments during the marking period may earn a free homew ork pass. There are numerous ways to reward our students for a job well done. We can use tangible along with non-tangible rewards, when needed. Just as adults need to be appreciated, so do children. Even the classroom setup can send positive messages to specific students.Instead of placing troubled students in the back of the room where they are often forgotten, we should put them right in the front row. This sets high expectations for all students in the classroom, and that they all must and can participate. As teachers, we have the ability to set the bar high and watch our students climb. If you believe that a child can’t learn, then maybe he won’t. But if you challenge them enough, encourage and tell them they can do it, you may be surprised to see that they will meet the high expectations you placed before them, and become very successful.

Psychosis and Delusional New Macbeth Essay

Schizophrenics appear in our everyday life, yet many do not realize that they actually are there. Sometimes it is difficult to match a person to a disorder due to the various symptoms and traits that they may express. Yet, Macbeth shows a definite link to paranoid schizophrenia, vividly displaying symptoms such as hallucinations, delusion (paranoia), and apathy. Schizophrenia is described as â€Å"a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness† (Wikipedia). Hallucinations involve putting one under the impression that things are completely real while awake, but instead have been created by the mind. Macbeth experiences multiple hallucinations, including a floating dagger, a ghost, and possibly witches. In the beginning of the story, Macbeth and his friend Banquo claim that they spoke to three â€Å"witches† who told them of their great futures. From there, an idea forms in Macbeth’s head: he was invincible. Although Banquo also viewed the three strange women, Macbeth and Banquo never discuss the invincibility Macbeth has now been aware of. Therefore, Macbeth could have hallucinated some of the strange women’s dialogue to his favor, believing it was completely valid. This leads one to the thought of emerging schizophrenia. Macbeth was in the correct age group for paranoid schizophrenia to take full control of a male’s body. Also, since he experiences multiple hallucinations and his once loyal personality turns violent, the diagnosis of schizophrenia becomes more and more prominent. Although many argue that Macbeth did not have schizophrenia and was just obsessed with power, the many hallucinations that he experienced help to counter that argument. Hallucinations are not extremely common (besides dreams) and often only occur with medical issues or drug use. When Macbeth is talked into killing Duncan, he hallucinates a floating dagger above him(Shakespeare, II. i. ), which almost taunts him. By hallucinating a violent object such as this, Macbeth proves to struggle with reality. Although Macbeth tells himself that it was â€Å"a dagger of the mind†, hallucinations experienced later in time become more and more realistic to him. This is shown when he believes Banquo’s ghost is present at a table. When Macbeth is asked to be seated, he replies â€Å"The table’s full. †(Shakespeare, III. iv. ). All the witnesses of Macbeth’s hallucination suspect him to be ill, for they did not see a full table in front of them. Since Macbeth’s hallucinations become more and more realistic to him, it is apparent for one to believe that paranoid schizophrenia is present. Heavily influenced by anxiety and/or fear, paranoid thoughts include beliefs that a individual is being threatened in some sort of way. Macbeth experiences paranoia towards Banquo further in the story, after meeting the three strange women (witches). Macbeth felt threatened by Banquo’s fortune of becoming king, and his loyalty to the current king. Due to this strong feeling of anxiety and fear, Macbeth ends up killing Banquo, giving into his paranoia. Delusions, or paranoia, can often â€Å"result in aggression or violence if you believe you must act in self-defense against those who want to harm you†(Mayo Clinic). The murder of Banquo by Macbeth produces no direct reasoning, only leaving another symptom of paranoid schizophrenia. Paranoia shows gradually, as this source says: The main symptom is permanent delusion. It should be kept in mind that there is delusion in schizophrenia also but in that case it is not permanent or organized. In paranoia the symptoms of delusion appear gradually, and the patient is sentimental, suspicious, irritable, introverted, depressed, obstinate, jealous, selfish, unsocial and bitter. (Depression Guide) The jealous, unsocial, and delusional â€Å"new† Macbeth helps the audience see the sudden change from the loyal, brave warrior to the raging, paranoid tyrant. Since Macbeth becomes a self-centered, power-hungry king; paranoia and delusion become more pronounced. The way Macbeth begins to treat his peers displays his changed morals and new sense of being threatened often. For example, when he finds out Lady Macbeth has died, he makes a speech basically about how worthless life is. This once loyal, brave, loving individual turned sour when this symptom became a characteristic for Macbeth. Those suffering from paranoid schizophrenia also bear with the symptom of apathy. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s relationship begins to deteriorate, causing bitter quarrels and rude confrontation. One could argue that this sudden change of relationship could be due to guilt, when paranoid schizophrenia could erupt just as suddenly. Symptoms such as hallucinations, paranoia, and apathy usually appear during the ages of 16 and 30. Schizophrenics can appear completely normal up until this age range. Though these individuals have had paranoid schizophrenia their entire life, the disabling brain disorder only begins to show at later stages in life. Since Macbeth was in this age range, it is certainly plausible that schizophrenia began to take control over during the story. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth begin to show issues with their marriage, due to many factors. Lady Macbeth had been distancing herself from Macbeth by unsexing herself to become more powerful. This distancing displayed by Lady Macbeth could have triggered the schizophrenic symptoms, along with the heavy guilt burdening Macbeth. When Lady Macbeth angrily asks â€Å"Are you a man? † to Macbeth (Shakespeare, III. iv. ), it helps Macbeth begin to realize how deep the distance between their relationship actually is. Apathy, an absence of emotion or enthusiasm, soon becomes a great part of Macbeth. Macbeth’s lack of emotional enthusiasm towards his marriage sends a red flag out to the audience. Although much of their marriage was not recorded in the story, the reader can pick up upon the many instances where apathy is shown by Macbeth. For instance, when Macbeth is told that Lady Macbeth has died he declares that life is worthless, and just â€Å"a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury† (Shakespeare, V. v. ). Since Macbeth did not display any grief for his lost wife, the audience becomes aware of how distanced their relationship actually was. If Macbeth did not have any apathy at all, he would be more intact to his emotions at this time of grief, rather than stating that life is pointless. Macbeth displays symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia including hallucinations, delusion (paranoia), and apathy, and therefore is schizophrenic. Macbeth significantly shows these symptoms in a vivid manner, helping the audience understand some reasoning behind his tactics. By understanding what paranoid schizophrenia is, and Macbeth’s story, many are able to realize the common ground shared by both. Although there is no successful way to prove if Macbeth did indeed have the disorder or not, since he is a fictional character in this play, it can certainly be stated that if Macbeth was displaying these symptoms today, one could diagnose him with paranoid schizophrenia with little hesitation. In a broader view, many characters in stories and plays could be interpreted to psychological disorders and unlock a certain â€Å"mystery† that the author may have, or may have not meant to leave for their audience to solve.

Globalisation Pros and Cons

|[pic] |UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA | | |Assignment Cover Sheet – External | [pic] An Assignment cover sheet needs to be included with each assignment. Please complete all details clearly. Please check your Course Information Booklet or contact your School Office for assignment submission locations. ADDRESS DETAILS: Full name: |Stephen Andruchowycz | |Address: |25 Northumberland Street Tusmore | | | |Postcode: |5065 | If you are submitting the assignment on paper, please staple this sheet to the front of each assignment. If you are submitting the assignment online, please ensure this cover sheet is included at the start of your document. (This is preferable to a separate attachment. ) Student ID | |Course code and title: BUSS 5300 – Global Business Environment | |School: International Graduate School of Business |Program Code: DGMK | |Course Coordinator: You-il Lee |Tutor: You-il Lee | |Assignment number: 2 |Due date: 10 / 5 / 10 | |Assignment topic as stated in Course Information Booklet:Assessment 2: Individual Report | Further Information: (e. g. state if extension was granted and attach evidence of approval, Revised Submission Date) |   | I declare that the work contained in this assignment is my own, except where acknowledgement of sources is made. I authorise the University to test any work submitted by me, using text comparison software, for instances of plagiarism. I understand this will involve the University or its contractor copying my work and storing it on a database to be used in future to test work submitted by others. I understand that I can obtain further information on this matter at http://www. unisa. edu. au/ltu/students/study/integrity. asp Note: The attachment of this statement on any electronically submitted assignments will be deemed to have the same authority as a signed statement. |Signed: Stephen Andruchowycz |Date:9/5/10 | Date received from student |Assessment/grade |Assessed by: | | | | | | | | | |Recorded: |Dispatched (if applicable): | Globalisation is a force which brings an array of benefits and costs on a global scale, with developing countries generally bearing the majority of these costs. This essay will argue that while many of the benefits of lobalisation are felt around the globe, they are m ore beneficial to developed countries than third world countries. Likewise the negative consequences of globalisation are felt more heavily in third world countries than in developed countries. These benefits and cost are incurred on economic, political and socio-cultural levels. Many see globalisation as a primarily economic phenomenon, involving the increasing interaction, or integration, of national economic systems through the growth of international trade, investment, and capital flows. (Kirdar, 1992, p. 6) However, one can also point to a rapid increase in cross-border social, cultural, and technological exchange as part of the phenomenon of globalisation. Whether people fear globalisation or not, they cannot escape it. It is driven, above all, by the extraordinary changes in technology in recent years – especially computer and communications technology. For a society to achieve, it must use this technology to its advantage. To be able to do that, it must be globally engaged. As Alexander Downer said in his speech on harnessing globalisation power, â€Å"globalisation is an irreversible trend, it is not something that should be viewed as a juggernaut bearing down on the lives of ordinary Australians. † (Downer, 1998) The effects of such a phenomenon are widespread and felt in different ways by developed and developing countries There are many economic effects that result from globalisation that affect all nations on a global scale. Free trade is a phenomenon closely tied with globalisation. Countries remove their trade barriers, such as tariffs, so that all countries can begin to specialise in their most efficient production areas, resulting in maximum profit through global trade. Among the major industrial economies, sometimes referred to as the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 65 percent of the total economic production, or GDP, is associated with international trade. Economists project that, in the U. S. , more than 50 percent of the new jobs created in this decade will be directly linked to the global economy. (Hopkins, 2002, p. 56). Certainly these figures show that globalisation is a major benefit to developed countries, but in many third world countries, it is argued that though jobs are being created, agricultural, subsistence jobs are being wiped out and replaced with ‘dollar per day’ multinational corporations, and further, that such corporations are merely widening the gap between the rich and poor. Critics of globalisation argue that despite the supposed benefits associated with free trade and investment, over the past hundred years or so the gap between the rich and poor nations of the world has gotten wider. In 1870, the average income per capita in the world's 17 richest nations was 2. 4 times that of all other countries. In 1990, the same group was 4. 5 times as rich as the rest. Hill, 2010, p. 31) By the late 1990’s the fifth of the world’s people living in the highest income countries had 86% of world GDP, 82% of world export markets, 68% of foreign direct investment, and 74% of world telephone lines. The bottom fifth of the world’s people earned 1% for the first three categories and 1. 5% respectively. (Waters, 2002, pp. 3-4) Of course we must be wary that there are exceptions to this trend. China’s opening to world trade has bought it growth in income from $1460 a head in 1980 to almost $4500 in 2005, and in 1980, American’s earned 12. 5 times as much as the Chinese per capita, by 1999, they were only earning 7. times as much. (Evans, 2001, p. 80). Nonetheless there appear to be strong forces for stagnation among the world's poorest nations as a result of globalisation. A quarter of the countries with GDP per capita of less than $1,000 in 1960 had growth rates of less than zero from 1960 to 1995, and a third have growth rates of less than 0. 05 percent. (Hill, 2009, p. 31) Market failure is another major issue that is common in western economies, and impacts on other countries rather than themselves. Market failure is when thos e who are producing or consuming goods or services do not have to bear the full costs of their actions, such as the cost of pollution. Free trade encourages firms from advanced nations to move manufacturing facilities to less developed countries that lack adequate regulations to protect labour and the environment from abuse by the unscrupulous. (Dowling, Hill and Lieche, 2009, p. 31) This effectively means that transnational corporations are able to pollute third world nations and destroy their environment with minimal or no cost. Attempts to stem global pollution have been implemented such as the Kyoto Protocol, which sets binding emission targets for developed countries (Horton and Patapan, 2004, p. 86) but nonetheless, the majority of developed countries impact on developing countries in this way to some extent. In this regard it can again be seen that the benefits of globalisation on an economic level are skewed in favour of developed countries. However, this does not mean under-developed countries do not benefit at all. Another issue that arises for developing countries is that falling trade barriers allow firms to move manufacturing activities to countries where the wage rates are much lower. For example, Harwood Industries, a US clothing manufacturer closed its US Operations which paid wages of $9 per hour and shifted manufacturing to Honduras where textile workers received 48 cents per hour (Hill, 2009, p. 27) The majority of developing countries continue to experience falling levels of average income. Globally, from the late 1970s to the late 1990s, the average income of the lowest-income families fell by over 6 percent. By contrast, the average real income of the highest-income fifth of families increased by over 30 percent. (Hill, 2009, p. 28) However, it has been argued that while people in developed countries may regard this situation as exploitation, for many people in the developing world, working in a factory is a far better option than staying down on the farm and growing rice. (Stiglitz, 2002, p. 4) Nonetheless, it is a clear case of where the benefits of globalisation for developed countries far outweigh those that arise for developing countries. In fact the only clear indicator that suggests developing countries are benefitting from globalisation more-so than developed countries is in regards to their quality of life. There is evidence which shows that a number of developing countries have benefited from globalisation, and this is supported by quality of life statistics. Through globalisation, many people in the world now live longer than before and the standard of living is far better. Further, per capita GDP growth in the post-1980 globalisers accelerated from 1. 4 percent a year in the 1960s and 2. 9 percent a year in the 1970s to 3. 5 percent in the 1980s and 5. 0 percent in the 1990s. (Dollar and Kraay, 2001, p. 1) The non-globalising developing countries have done much worse than this, with annual growth rates falling from highs of 3. 3 percent during the 1970s to only 1. 4 percent during the 1990s. Indeed, throughout the 1990’s till today, eighteen of the twenty-four globalising developing countries have experienced growth, many of them, quite substantially. (NA, 2004, p. 236) However, the growth most have experienced is minimal in comparison the growth being experienced by developed countries. Certainly there are ways in which globalisation does bring benefits to developing countries on an economic level. However, overall it is clear that the benefits are felt more heavily in developed countries and the costs are felt more heavily in developing countries. This is much the same case when regarding the social and cultural effects of globalisation. Globalisation opens people’s lives to culture and to all its creativity – and the flow of ideas and knowledge. Although the spread of ideas and images enriches the world, there is a risk of reducing cultural concerns to protecting what can be bought and sold, neglecting community, custom and tradition. (Hirst & Thompson, 1996, p. 256) it is widely asserted, and indeed frequently taken for granted, that we live in a ‘global’ village where national cultures and boundaries are dissolving, we consume ‘global’ brands, corporations have to be competitive in a ‘global’ market place and governments have to be responsive to the needs of the ‘global’ economy. In any case, globalisation produces a tension between sameness and difference, between the universal and the particular, and between cultural homogenisation and cultural heterogenisation (Subhabrata & Linstead, 2001, p. 684) Americanisation is a major example of such cultural homogenisation, acting in many ways which destroy global culture. Globalisation has increased transmission of popular culture easily and inexpensively from the developed countries of the North throughout the world. Consequently, despite efforts of nationally-based media to develop local television, movie, and video programs, many media markets in countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are saturated with productions from the U. S. Europe and a few countries in Asia. (Tomlinson, 1999, p. 98). Local critics of this trend lament not only the resulting silencing of domestic cultural expression, but also the hegemonic reach of Western culture and the potential global homogenisation of values and cultural taste. (NA, 2005, p. 1) A report by the UN Educational, Scientific and cultural Organisation showed that the world trade in goods with cultural content almost tripled between 1980 and 1991: from 67 billion dollars to 200 billion dollars. (Akulenko, 2008, p. 1) At the core of the entertainment industry – film, music and television – there is a growing dominance of US products. The World Trade Organisation rules do not allow countries to block imports on cultural grounds, which means there is nothing standing in the way of Western culture overtaking and eradicating the cultures of developing countries. It is argued that this could mean the end of cultural diversity, and the triumph of a uni-polar culture serving the needs of transnational corporations (Tomlinson, 1999, p. 134). Clearly globalisation is benefitting developed countries by allowing them to spread their culture and influence on a global scale. However, for developing countries, their culture is in many ways being eroded and replaced with the typical Western culture. However, supporters of globalisation argue that it does not make sense to talk of a world of 6 billion people becoming a monoculture. The spread of globalisation will undoubtedly bring changes to the countries it reaches, but change is an essential part of life. It must also be noted that globalisation is not all one-way traffic. Global products are absorbed into and change western life – including such phenomena as Latinisation and Japanisation. (Hopper, 2007, p. 82) Similarly many of the arts and foods from developing cultures have become ingrained into Western society, presenting opportunities for developing countries to increase their cultural exporting. For example, curry, an Indian cuisine has become a global food eaten world-wide. However, Americanisation is a far greater cultural force which brings many benefits to Western countries. The impact of developing countries cultures is far smaller and there is the risk that Westernisation could lead to the destruction of the cultures of a number of developing countries. Another effect of globalisation is a global improvement in communications and technology. On the one hand, the electronic revolution has promoted the diversification of information as people in nearly every country are able to communicate their opinions and perspectives on issues, local and global, that impact their lives. (NA, 2005, p. ) Political groups from Chiapas to Pakistan have effectively used information technology to promote their perspectives and movements. On the other hand, this expansion of information technology has been highly uneven, creating an international â€Å"digital divide† in such things as differences in access to and skills to use the internet. (NA, 2005, p. 1) Often, access to information technology and to telephone lines in many developing countries is controlled by the state or is available only to a small minority who can afford them. (Hoogvelt A, 1997, p. 46) Thus, it can be seen that the technological benefits of globalisation are also being felt much more by developed countries than developing countries. This is the same case when regarding the effects of globalisation on a political level One of the biggest political issues surrounding globalisation, which particularly impacts on developing countries, is that many sovereign countries have lost control of their economies and that such control has shifted to more powerful countries, multinational firms, and international financial institutions. The logic of this concern suggests that national sovereignty has progressively and systematically been undermined by globalisation, leading to growing cynicism among political elites and their citizenries, especially among poor developing countries. (Pere, 2010, p. ) Critics argue that today's increasingly interdependent global economy shifts economic power away from national governments and toward supranational organisations such as the WTO, the EU and the UN. Unelected bureaucrats now impose policies of the democratically elected governments of nation-states, thereby undermining the sovereign ty of those states and limiting the nation's ability to control its own destiny. (Hill, 2009, p. 30). Globalisation has seen state power decline as transnational processes grow in scale and number. The power of TNC’s, with annual budgets greater than that of many states, and is the most visible sign of this change. As economic and political life becomes more complex, many traditional functions of state are transferred to global and regional international organisations. (Gupta, 1997, p. 6) In this environment, developing countries are losing their influence on a national and global scale towards organisations largely controlled by developed countries. In this way, it is again clear that developed countries benefit from globalisation more so than developing countries. However, if these supranational organisations turn their focus more towards aiding developing countries, a number of benefits could result. At the international level, supranational organisations such as the World Bank and IMF must pay more attention to the reality that globalisation has generated extremes of inequality of assets and income across the spectrum of developing countries. (Gupta, 1997, p. 06) International lending and grants could be more explicitly focused on cutting subsidies that benefit the rich, on encouraging and financing market-related land reform, and most importantly providing investment and policy advice for effective public education. There is also a need for developed countries of the OECD to thoroughly review their neo-mercantilist trade policies. (Pere, 2010, p. 1) There is enough empirical evidence to show that protection of agriculture and textiles discriminate against the poor of developing countries. The poor and vulnerable in developing countries could also benefit from international financing of countercyclical safety net programmes, subject to certain conditions. These would include a solid record of sound fiscal policy; the political capacity to undertake such programmes free of corruption; and a long-term fiscal capacity to service any debt that might be incurred. (Pere, 2010, p. 1) If these policies were instated, developing countries would benefit from globalisation in ways that match or exceed the political benefits that developed countries receive as a result of globalisation. Clearly globalisation is a force which brings an array of benefits and costs on a global scale. However, it is also clear that developing countries are, in many cases, bearing the majority of these costs while developed countries are feeling the majority of the benefits. While there are a number of economic, socio-cultural and political actions which could be taken to ensure developing countries benefit from globalisation to a similar extent to developed countries, as it stands, there can be no denying that globalisation is a force which favours developed countries over developing countries. Bibliography: Akulenko. 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